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Can pluralistic approaches based upon unknown languages enhance learner engagement and lead to active social inclusion?

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Abstract

One way to foster active social inclusion is to enable students to develop a positive attitude to “foreignness”. Creating a situation where mainstream students are less wary of foreign languages and cultures, and where newcomers feel their linguistic background is being valued, provides favourable conditions for the inclusion of these newcomers in the classroom and in society. However, language classrooms in French schools rarely take any previously acquired linguistic knowledge into account, thus unconsciously contributing to the rift between multilingual learners (e.g. 1st- and 2nd-generation immigrant children, refugees, children of parents with different mother tongues) and French learners. Native French learners’ first experience of learning another language is usually when English is added as a subject to their curriculum in primary school. In some schools in France, English lessons now include the simulation of multilingual situations, designed in particular for the French “quasi-monolingual” students to lose their fear of unknown languages and “foreignness” in general. But the overall aim is to help both groups of learners become aware of the positive impact of multilingualism on cognitive abilities. However, to achieve long-term effects, this awareness-raising needs to be accompanied by maximum engagement on the part of the students. This article explores an instructional strategy termed Pluralistic Approaches based upon Unknown Languages (PAUL), which was designed to develop learning strategies of quasi-monolingual students in particular and to increase learner engagement more generally. The results of a small-scale PAUL study discussed by the author seem to confirm an increase in learner engagement leading to an enhancement of learning outcomes. Moreover, PAUL seems indeed suitable for helping to prepare the ground for social inclusion.

Résumé

Les approches plurielles fondées sur des langues inconnues peuvent-elles stimuler l’engagement de l’élève et entraîner une inclusion sociale active ?–Un moyen de favoriser une inclusion sociale active consiste à permettre aux élèves d’acquérir une attitude positive envers « l’extranéité ». Créer une situation où les élèves sont moins réticents envers les langues et cultures étrangères, et où les nouveaux arrivants perçoivent que leur bagage linguistique est valorisé, fournit des conditions favorables à l’inclusion de ces nouveaux venus dans la classe et dans la société. Les cours de langues dans les écoles françaises tiennent cependant rarement compte des connaissances linguistiques existantes, ce qui contribue inconsciemment à creuser un fossé entre élèves multilingues (enfants d’immigrants de première et seconde générations, réfugiés, enfants de parents aux langues maternelles différentes) et élèves francophones. Les élèves français de souche vivent généralement leur première expérience de l’apprentissage d’une autre langue lorsque l’anglais est ajouté comme matière au programme de l’école primaire. Dans quelques écoles en France, les cours d’anglais incluent aujourd’hui la simulation de situations multilingues, conçue en particulier pour que les élèves français « quasi monolingues » perdent leur inhibition envers les langues inconnues et « l’extranéité » en général. Mais l’objectif supérieur consiste à aider les deux groupes à prendre conscience de l’influence positive du multilinguisme sur les capacités cognitives. Pour obtenir des effets à long terme, cette prise de conscience doit néanmoins être accompagnée d’un engagement maximal de la part des élèves. L’auteure de l’article explore une stratégie d’instruction appelée Approches Plurielles fondées sur des Langues Inconnues (APLI), conçue notamment en vue d’élaborer des stratégies d’apprentissage pour les élèves quasi monolingues, et plus généralement d’accroître l’engagement des élèves. Les résultats présentés par l’auteure d’une étude à petite échelle sur cette stratégie semblent confirmer un engagement accru des élèves, qui a entraîné une amélioration des résultats d’apprentissage. En outre, APLI semble vraiment appropriée pour contribuer à préparer le terrain à l’inclusion sociale.

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Notes

  1. The Council of Europe favours the use of the term “plurilingual”, which refers to an individual's language repertoire, whereas “multilingual” is used to describe the range or the co-existence of different languages in a given society. However, the institutions of the European Union as well as many researchers, for more pragmatic reasons tend to use the term “multilingual” to cover both aspects, In this article, I have opted for the latter usage.

  2. The design of the small-scale study is explained in more detail in the methodology section of this article.

  3. In France, children start primary school (which lasts five years; from CP to CM2) at age 6. They proceed to lower secondary school (four years, from 6° to 3°) at age 11, and to upper secondary school (three years, from 2° to Terminale) at age 15, finishing at age 18.

  4. The study was carried out in French. The French term for the instructional design was Approches Plurielles fondées sur des Langues Inconnues (APLI).

  5. For reasons of clarity, I have chosen to label those students “quasi-monolingual” who had declared (in a survey preceding the actual study) that they had no contacts in their direct environment with languages other than their first language (L1), French, and the second language (L2), English, which they were being taught as a subject at school. This shortcut, while it only relies upon statements, enables me to distinguish between multilinguals and their non-multilingual peers which is useful for focusing my analysis on the latter. However, participants included both multilingual and non-multilingual students.

  6. Near transfer of learning refers to the ability of using skills learned during one particular situation for tackling another very similar situation. Far transfer of learning refers to the ability to apply such skills in an entirely different situation.

  7. The six founding organisations are: (1) Istituto per la Ricerca Sociale (IRS) – Italy; (2) Iniciativas Innovadoras S.A.L.(IN) – Spain; (3) Agenzia per l´Orientamento e la Formazione, Istruzione e Lavoro (APOF-IL) – Italy; (4) Université de Bordeaux-LACES – France; (5) Vytautas Magnus University – Lithuania; and (6) Arcola Research LLP – United Kingdom. For more information about the network, see http://www.includenetwork.eu/ [accessed 9 March 2017].

  8. It is important to note that there is a difference in these two terms. While inclusion respects and fosters non-mainstream characteristics with the aim of including individuals on their own terms, integration refers to the aim of adjustment to mainstream characteristics.

  9. The sample group was composed of 45 girls and 43 boys, and each tetrad was mixed-gender.

  10. Students were asked to underline and indicate what they understood, and then to count the number of elements they had managed to understand.

  11. “Cognate languages and words have the same origin, or are related and in some way similar” (McIntosh 2013).

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Acknowledgements

This article draws on research done in the INCLUDE (EC Erasmus+) project, which is part of the European Commission’s lifelong learning programme.

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Correspondence to Rebecca Dahm.

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Dahm, R. Can pluralistic approaches based upon unknown languages enhance learner engagement and lead to active social inclusion?. Int Rev Educ 63, 521–543 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-017-9636-3

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