Abstract
Exit and voice are alternative responses to an unsatisfactory relationship: exit is the withdrawal from it, voice is the attempt to improve it through communication. They are not mutually exclusive responses: thus, the market is the archetypal exit mechanism, yet it usually involves voice. When available jointly, exit and voice may reinforce or undercut each other: the exit option enhances the influence of customers’ voice on an unsatisfactory supplier but also reduces its volume. Exit–voice analysis has been applied to trade unions, hierarchies, public services, migration and political action, political party systems, marriage and divorce, and adolescent development.
Keywords
- Adolescent development
- Asymmetric information
- City–suburb migration
- Collective voice
- Democratization
- Education finance
- Exit and voice
- Free rider problem
- Health finance
- Hierarchy
- Hirschman, A. O.
- Horizontal vs vertical voice
- Identity
- Incomplete information
- International capital flows
- International migration
- Loyalty
- Marriage and divorce
- Montesquieu, C. de
- Multiparty systems
- Political parties
- Public services
- Rural–urban migration
- Smith, A.
- Smith, A.
- Trade unions
- Two-party systems
- Vouchers
- Welfare state
JEL Classifications
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Barry, B. 1974. Review article: ‘Exit, voice, and loyalty’. British Journal of Political Science 4: 79–107.
Bender, P. 1981. Das Ende des ideologischen Zeitalters. Berlin: Severin und Siedler.
Birch, A.H. 1975. Economic models in political science: The issue of ‘exit, voice, and loyalty’. British Journal of Political Science 5: 69–82.
Breneman, D.W. 1983. Where would tuition tax credit take us? Should we agree to go? In Public dollars for private schools, ed. T. James and H.M. Levin. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Bridge, G. 1977. Citizen choice in public services: Voucher systems. In Alternatives for delivering public services, ed. E.S. Savas. Boulder: Westview.
Burnett, N.R. 1976. Emigration and modern Ireland. Unpublished PhD dissertation, School of Advanced International Studies, Johns Hopkins University.
Eccles, R.G. 1981. The quasifirm in the construction industry. Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 2 (4): 335–357.
Fainstein, N.I., and S.S. Fainstein. 1980. Mobility, community, and participation: The American way out. In Residential mobility and public policy, ed. E.G. Moore and W.A.V. Clark. Beverly Hills: Sage.
Finer, S.E. 1974. State-building, state boundaries and border control in the light of the Rokkan-Hirschman model. Social Science Information 13 (4–5): 79–126.
Freeman, R.B., and J.L. Medoff. 1984. What do unions do? New York: Basic Books.
Freud, S. 1905. Three essays on the theory of sexuality. In Complete psychological works, vol. 7. London: Hogarth, 1953.
Gilligan, C. 1986. Exit–voice dilemmas in adolescent development. In Development, democracy and the art of trespassing: Essays in honor of A.O. Hirschman, ed. A. Foxley et al. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Granovetter, M. 1985. Economic action and social structure: A theory of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91: 481–510.
Hirschman, A.O. 1970. Exit, voice, and loyalty: Responses to decline in firms, organizations, and states. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hirschman, A.O. 1977. The passions and the interests: Political arguments for capitalism before its Triumph. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hirschman, A.O. 1981. Essays in trespassing: Economics to politics and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hirschman, A.O. 1982. Shifting involvements: Private interest and public action. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Hirschman, A.O. 1985. Against parsimony: Three easy ways of complicating some categories of economic discourse. Economics and Philosophy 1: 7–21.
Huntington, S.P., and J.M. Nelson. 1976. No easy choice: Political participation in developing countries. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kernell, S. 1987. Retrospective voting and contemporary macrodemocracy. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Klein, R. 1980. Models of man and models of policy: Reflections on exit, voice and loyalty ten years later. The Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 58: 413–429.
Kuhnle, S. 1981. Emigration, democratization, and the rise of the European welfare states. Mobilization, center-periphery structures, and nation-building, (a volume in commemoration of Stein Rokkan), ed. P. Torsvik. Bergen: Universitetsforlaget.
Levin, H.M. 1983. Educational choice and the pains of democracy. In Public dollars for private schools: The case for tuition tax credits, ed. T. James and H.M. Levin. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Lorwin, V. 1971. Segmented pluralism: Ideological cleavages and political cohesion in the smaller European democracies. Comparative Politics 3 (2): 141–175.
MacDonald, J.S. 1963–1964. Agricultural organization, migration and labour militancy in rural Italy. Economic History Review 16: 61–75.
O’Donnell, G. 1986. On the convergences of Hirschman’s exit, voice and loyalty and shifting involvements. In Development, democracy and the art of trespassing: Essays in honor of A.O. Hirschman, ed. A. Foxley et al. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.
Rokkan, S. 1975. Dimensions of state formation and nation-building: A possible paradigm for research on variations in Europe. In The formation of national states in Western Europe, ed. C. Tilly. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Stevens, C.M. 1974. Voice in medical care markets: ‘consumer participation’. Social Science Information 13 (3): 33–48.
Weitzman, L.J. 1985. The divorce revolution: The unexpected social and economic consequences for women and children in America. New York: Free Press.
Williamson, O.E. 1975. Markets and hierarchies: Analysis and antitrust implications. New York: Free Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2018 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Hirschman, A.O. (2018). Exit and Voice. In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_621
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_621
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95188-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95189-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences