Abstract
This article provides a survey of recent normative work on justice. It shows how the concern for distributive equality has been questioned by the idea of personal responsibility and the idea that there is nothing intrinsically valuable in levelling down individual benefits. It also discusses the possibility of combining a concern for the worse off with a concern for Pareto efficiency, within both aggregative and nonaggregative frameworks, which includes a discussion of the arguments of prioritarianism, sufficientarianism, and welfarism. Finally, the article briefly reviews the modern literatures on rights-based reasoning, intergenerational justice and international justice.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Bibliography
Anderson, E. 1999. What is the point of equality? Ethics 109: 287–337.
Arneson, R. 1989. Equality and equal opportunity for welfare. Philosophical Studies 56: 159–194.
Arneson, R. 1990. Primary goods reconsidered. Noûs 24: 429–454.
Arrow, K.J. 1951. Social choice and individual values, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley. 1963.
Asheim, G.B., and B. Tungodden. 2004. Resolving distributional conflicts between generations. Economic Theory 24: 221–230.
Asheim, G.B., W. Bucholz, and B. Tungodden. 2001. Justifying sustainability. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 2: 252–268.
Barry, B. 1989. Theories of justice. Berkley: University of California Press.
Basu, K., and T. Mitra. 2003. Aggregating infinite utility streams with intergenerational equity: The impossibility of being Paretian. Econometrica 32: 1557–1563.
Basu, K., and T. Mitra. 2007. Utilitarianism for infinite utility streams: A new welfare criterion and its axiomatic characterization. Journal of Economic Theory 133: 350–373.
Binmore, K. 2005. Natural justice. New York: Oxford University Press.
Blackorby, C., W. Bossert, and D. Donaldson. 1997. Critical-level utilitarianism and the population–ethics dilemma. Economics and Philosophy 13: 197–230.
Blackorby, C., W. Bossert, and D. Donaldson. 2005. Population issues in social choice theory, welfare economics and ethics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Blair, D.H. 1988. The primary-goods indexation problem in Rawls’s theory of justice. Theory and Decision 24: 239–252.
Bossert, W. 1995. Redistribution mechanisms based on individual characteristics. Mathematical Social Sciences 29: 1–17.
Bossert, W., and M. Fleurbaey. 1996. Redistribution and compensation. Social Choice and Welfare 13: 343–355.
Bossert, W., and J.A. Weymark. 2002. Utility in social choice. In Handbook of utility theory, ed. S. Barbera, P. Hammond, and C. Seidl. London: Kluwer.
Bossert, W., Y. Sprumont, and K. Suzumura. 2007. Ordering infinite utility streams. Journal of Economic Theory 135: 579–589.
Broome, J. 1991. Weighing goods. Equality, uncertainty, and time. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Broome, J. 2007. Equality versus priority: A useful distinction. In Fairness and goodness in health, ed. C. Murray and D. Wikler. Geneva: World Health Organization.
Brun, B.C., and B. Tungodden. 2004. Non-welfarist theories of justice: Is ‘the intersection approach’ a solution to the indexing impasse? Social Choice and Welfare 22: 1–12.
Camerer, C.F. 2003. Behavioral game theory: Experiments in strategic interaction. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Cappelen, A., and B. Tungodden. 2006. Relocating the responsibility cut: Should more responsibility imply less redistribution. Politics, Philosophy and Economics 5: 353–362.
Cohen, G.A. 1989. On the currency of egalitarian justice. Ethics 99: 906–944.
Crisp, R. 2003. Equality, priority, and compassion. Ethics 113: 745–763.
d’Aspremont, C. 1985. Axioms for social welfare orderings. In Social goals and social organization: Essays in memory of Elisha Pazner, ed. L. Hurwicz, D. Schmeidler, and H. Sonnenschein. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
d’Aspremont, C., and L. Gevers. 1977. Equity and the informational basis of collective choice. Review of Economic Studies 44: 199–210.
Dennet, D. 2003. Freedom evolves. London: Penguin Books.
Diamond, P. 1965. The evaluation of infinite utility streams. Econometrica 33: 170–177.
Dworkin, R. 1981. What is equality? Parts. I and II. Philosophy and Public Affairs 10: 283–345.
Dworkin, R. 2002. Sovereign virtue revisited. Ethics 113: 106–143.
Fleurbaey, M. 1995a. Equal opportunity or equal social outcome. Economics and Philosophy 11: 25–55.
Fleurbaey, M. 1995b. The requisites of equal opportunity. In Social choice welfare, and ethics, ed. W.A. Barnett et al. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fleurbaey, M. 1995c. Three solutions for the compensation problem. Journal of Economic Theory 65: 505–521.
Fleurbaey, M. 2002. Equality of resources revisited. Ethics 113: 82–105.
Fleurbaey, M. 2003. On the informational basis of social choice. Social Choice and Welfare 21: 347–384.
Fleurbaey, M. 2007. Equality versus priority: How relevant is the distinction? In Fairness and goodness in health, ed. C. Murray and D. Wikler. Geneva: World Health Organization (forthcoming).
Fleurbaey, M., and F. Maniquet. 1996. Fair allocation avec unequal production skills: The no-envy approach to compensation. Mathematical Social Sciences 32: 71–93.
Fleurbaey, M., and F. Maniquet. 1999. Fair allocation with unequal production skills: The solidarity approach to compensation. Social Choice and Welfare 16: 569–583.
Fleurbaey, M., and F. Maniquet. 2006. Fair income tax. Review of Economic Studies 73: 55–83.
Fleurbaey, M., and F. Maniquet. 2008. Compensation and responsibility. In Handbook of social choice and welfare, ed. K.J. Arrow, A.K. Sen, and K. Suzumura, vol. 2. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Fleurbaey, M., and P. Michel. 2003. Intertemporal equity and the extension of the Ramsey criterion. Journal of Mathematical Economics 39: 777–802.
Fleurbaey, M., and A. Trannoy. 2000. The impossibility of a Paretian egalitarian. Social Choice and Welfare 21: 243–263.
Fleurbaey, M., K. Suzumura, and K. Tadenuma. 2005. Arrovian aggregation in economic environments: How much should we know about indifference surfaces? Journal of Economic Theory 124: 22–44.
Fleurbaey, M., B. Tungodden, and H.F. Chang. 2003. Any non-welfarist method of policy assessment violates the Pareto principle: A comment. Journal of Political Economy 111: 1382–1385.
Frankfurt, H. 1987. Equality as a moral ideal. Ethics 98: 21–43.
Gaertner, W., P.K. Pattanaik, and K. Suzumura. 1992. Individual rights revisited. Economica 59: 161–177.
Gibbard, A. 1974. A Pareto-consistent libertarian claim. Journal of Economic Theory 7: 388–410.
Gibbard, A. 1979. Disparate goods and Rawls’ difference principle: A social choice theoretic treatment. Theory and Decision 11: 267–288.
Hammond, P. 1975. A note on extreme inequality aversion. Journal of Economic Theory 11: 119–132.
Harsanyi, J.C. 1955. Cardinal welfare, individualistic ethics, and interpersonal comparisons of utility. Journal of Political Economy 63: 309–321.
Kaplow, L., and S. Shavell. 2001. Any non-welfarist method of policy assessment violates the Pareto principle. Journal of Political Economy 109: 281–286.
Kaplow, L., and S. Shavell. 2002. Fairness versus welfare. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Kolm, S.-C. 1996. Modern theories of justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Konow, J. 2003. Which is the fairest one of all? A positive analysis of justice theories. Journal of Economic Literature 41: 1188–1239.
McKerlie, D. 1994. Equality and priority. Utilitas 6: 25–42.
Mongin, P. 2001. The impartial observer theorem of social ethics. Economics and Philosophy 17: 147–180.
Mongin, P., and C. d’Aspremont. 2002. Utility theory and ethics. In Handbook of utility theory, ed. S. Barberà , P. Hammond, and C. Seidl, vol. 1. Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Moulin, H., and J. Roemer. 1989. Public ownership of the external world and private ownership of self. Journal of Political Economy 97: 347–367.
Nagel, T. 1979. Mortal questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Nagel, T. 2002. Concealment and exposure & other essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, state and utopia. New York: Basic Books.
Ooghe, E., Schokkaert, E. and Van de gaer, D. 2006. Equality of opportunity versus equality of opportunity sets. Social Choice and Welfare.
Otsuka, M. 2003. Libertarianism without inquality. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Parfit, D. 1984. Reasons and persons. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Parfit, D. 1995. Equality or priority. Lindley lecture, University of Kansas. Reprinted in The ideal of equality, ed. M. Clayton and A. Williams. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2000.
Pattanaik, P.K., and Y. Xu. 2007. Minimal relativism, dominance, and standard of living comparisons based on functionings. Oxford Economic Papers 59: 354–374.
Plott, C.R. 1978. Rawls’s theory of justice: an impossibility result. In Decision theory and social ethics: Issues in social choice, ed. H. Gottinger and W. Leinfellner. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.
Pogge, T. 1989. Realizing rawls. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Pogge, T. 1992. Cosmopolianism and sovereignty. Ethics 103: 48–75.
Pogge, T. 1994. An egalitarian law of peoples. Philosophy and Public Affairs 23: 195–224.
Pogge, T., eds. 2001. Global justice. Oxford: Blackwell.
Rawls, J. 1971. A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Rawls, J. 1993. Political liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Rawls, J. 1999. The law of peoples. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. 1985. Equality of talent. Economics and Philosophy 1: 151–187.
Roemer, J. 1993. A pragmatic theory of responsibility for the egalitarian planner. Philosophy and Public Affairs 22: 146–166.
Roemer, J. 1996. Theories of distributive justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. 1998. Equality of opportunity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Roemer, J. 2002a. Egalitarianism against the veil of ignorance. Journal of Philosophy 99: 167–184.
Roemer, J. 2002b. Equality of opportunity: A progress report. Social Choice and Welfare 19: 455–471.
Scanlon, T. 1982. Contractualism and utilitarianism. In Utilitarianism and beyond, ed. A. Sen and B. Williams. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Scanlon, T. 1998. What we owe each other. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Scanlon, T. 2000. The diversity of objections to inequality. In The ideal of equality, ed. M. Clayton and A. Williams. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Scheffler, S. 1988. Consequentialism and its critics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sen, A. 1970a. Collective choice and social welfare. San Francisco: Holden Day.
Sen, A. 1970b. The impossibility of a Paretian liberal. Journal of Political Economy 78: 152–157.
Sen, A. 1979. Utilitarianism and welfarism. Journal of Philosophy 9: 463–489.
Sen, A. 1982. Rights and agency. Philosophy and Public Affairs 11: 3–39.
Sen, A. 1985. Commodities and capabilities. Amsterdam: North-Holland.
Sen, A. 1992a. Inequality reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sen, A. 1992b. Minimal liberty. Economica 59: 139–159.
Sen, A. 1993. Positional objectivity. Philosophy and Public Affairs 22: 126–145.
Sen, A. 1996a. Rights: Formulations and consequences. Analyse & Kritik 18: 153–170.
Sen, A. 1996b. Individual preferences as the basis of social choice. In Social choice re-examined, ed. K. Arrow, A. Sen, and K. Suzamura. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Sen, A., and J. Foster. 1997. On economic inequality. Expanded ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Skyrms, B. 1996. Evolution of the social contract. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Skyrms, B. 2003. The stage hunt and the evolution of social structure. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Steiner, H. 1994. An essay on rights. Oxford: Blackwell.
Taurek, J. 1977. Should the numbers count? Philosophy and Public Affairs 6: 293–316.
Temkin, L. 1993. Inequality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Temkin, L. 2000. Equality, priority, and the levelling down objection. In The ideal of equality, ed. M. Clayton and A. Williams. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Tungodden, B. 1999. The distribution problem and Rawlsian reasoning. Social Choice and Welfare 16: 599–614.
Tungodden. 2003. The value of equality. Economics and Philosophy 19: 1–44.
Tungodden, B. 2005. Responsibility and redistribution: The case of first best. Social Choice and Welfare 24: 33–44.
Tungodden, B., and P. Vallentyne. 2005. On the possibility of Paretian egalitarianism. Journal of Philosophy 102: 126–154.
Vallentyne, P., and H. Steiner, eds. 2000. Left Libertarianism and its critics: The contemporary debate. New York: Palgrave Publishers.
Van de gaer, D. 1993. Equality of opportunity and investment in human capital. Ph.D thesis, K.U. Leuven.
Van Hees, M., and K. Dowding. 2003. The construction of rights. American Political Science Review 97: 281–293.
Van Parijs, P. 1995. Real freedom for all. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Weymark, J.A. 1991. A reconsideration of the Harsanyi–Sen debate on utilitarianism. In Interpersonal comparisons of well-being, ed. J. Elster and J.E. Roemer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Copyright information
© 2018 Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Tungodden, B. (2018). Justice (New Perspectives). In: The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2301
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2301
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-349-95188-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-349-95189-5
eBook Packages: Economics and FinanceReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences