Abstract
This chapter examines two key questions about youth from Muslim-majority countries and communities living in the United States after 9/11. How are these children and youth positioned in the US national imaginary by imaginative geographies of war? In turn, how do they develop a sense of belonging and citizenship in this post-9/11 context of exclusion and war? An exploration of these questions illustrates the ways that violence, conflict, and war shape the lives of these young people from transnational Muslim communities both in active conflict zones but also in contexts of relative peace such as the United States. Many youth from Muslim transnational communities living in the United States migrated in order to get away from violence and wars – violence and wars that have often been an outcome of US imperial policies. These experiences with war and violence shape young people’s political perspectives, sense of belonging, and citizenship practices in ways that make them critical of the unfulfilled promises of US democratic ideals – ideals that are rarely realized at home or abroad. At the same time, within the US context, cultural and political discourses engendered by the “war on terror” frame everyday interactions that youth from Muslim-majority communities have in their schools and other public spaces – interactions that often position these young people as suspect or dangerous members of the nation. These exclusions represent the local fallout of a violent, imperial policy the United States is fighting far from its shores.
References
Abu El-Haj, T. R. (2007). “I was born here but my home it’s not here”: Educating for democratic citizenship in an era of transnational migration and global conflict. Harvard Educational Review, 77(3), 285–316.
Abu El-Haj, T. R. (2009). Becoming citizens in an era of globalization and transnational migration: Re-imagining citizenship as critical practice. Theory Into Practice, 48(4), 274–282.
Abu El-Haj, T. R. (2010). “The beauty of America”: Nationalism, education and the “war on terror”. Harvard Educational Review, 80(2), 242–274.
Abu El-Haj, T. R. (2015). Unsettled belonging: Educating Palestinian American Youth after 9/11. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Abu El-Haj, T. R., & Bonet, S. W. (2011). Education, citizenship, and the politics of belonging: Muslim youth from transnational communities and the “war on terror”. Invited article for “Youth cultures, language and literacy”. Review of Research in Education, 34, 29–59.
Abu-Lughod, L. (2013). Do Muslim women need saving? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Anderson, B. (1983/1991). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. New York: Verso. (Original work published 1983)
Appadurai, A. (1996). Modernity at large: Cultural dimensions of globalization. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Benei, V. (2008). Schooling passions: Nation, history, and language in contemporary Western India. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Billig, M. (1995). Banal nationalism. London: Sage.
Brown, W. (2006). Regulating aversion: Tolerance in the age of identity and empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Bush, G. W. (2001). Address to a joint session of congress and the American people. http://www.whitehouse.gov.news/release/2001/09/20010920-8.html
Calhoun, C. (2007). Nations matter: Culture, history and the cosmopolitan dream. New York: Routledge.
Ewing, K. P., & Hoyler, M. (2008). Being Muslim and American: South Asian Muslim youth and the war on terror. In K. P. Ewing (Ed.), Being and belonging: Muslims in the United States since 9/11 (pp. 80–103). New York: Russell Sage.
Foucault, M. (1977). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings. New York: Pantheon Books.
Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2009). Citizenship and belonging in an age of insecurity: Pakistani immigrant youth in New York City. In F. Vavrus & L. Bartlett (Eds.), Critical approaches to comparative education: Vertical case studies from Africa, Europe, the Middle East and the Americas. New York: Palgrave.
Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2012). The religification of Pakistani-American youth. American Educational Research Journal, 49(1), 30–52.
Ghaffar-Kucher, A. (2014). ‘Narrow-minded and oppressive’ or a ‘superior culture’?. Race, Ethnicity, and Education. doi:1080/13613324.2014.889111.
Gregory, D. (2004). The colonial present. Malden: Blackwell.
Grewal, Z. (2014). Islam is a foreign country: American Muslims and the global crisis of authority. New York: New York University Press.
Hall, K. D. (2002). Lives in translation: Sikh youth as British citizens. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Huntington, S. (1996). The clash of civilizations and the remaking of the world. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Ibish, H. (2008). Report on hate crimes and discrimination against Arab-Americans: The post-September 11 backlash. Washington, DC: Arab American Anti-Discrimination Committee.
Khalidi, R. (2004). Resurrecting empire: Western footprints and America’s perilous path in the Middle East. Boston: Beacon Press.
Levinson, B. A. U. (2005). Citizenship, identity, democracy: Engaging the political in the anthropology of education. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(4), 329–340.
Lewis, B. (2002). What went wrong? Western impact and Middle Eastern response. London: Oxford University Press.
Maira, S. M. (2009). Missing: Youth, citizenship and empire after 9/11. Durham: Duke University Press.
Mamdani, M. (2004). Good Muslim, bad Muslim: America, the Cold War and the roots of terror. New York: Pantheon.
Melamed, J. (2006). The spirit of neoliberalism: From racial liberalism to neoliberal multiculturalism. Social Text, 24(4), 1–24.
Mir, S. (2014). Muslim American women on campus: Undergraduate social life and identity. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Ngai, M. (2004). Impossible subjects: Illegal aliens and the making of modern America. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
O’Leary, C. (1999). To die for: The paradox of American patriotism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Omi, M., & Winant, H. (1986). Racial formation in the US: From the 1960s to 1980s. New York: Routledge.
Ong, A. (1999). Flexible citizenship: The cultural logics of transnationality. Durham: Duke University Press.
Rosaldo, R. (1994). Cultural citizenship and educational democracy. Cultural Anthropology, 9(3), 402–411.
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Vintage Books.
Sarroub, L. K. (2005). All American Yemeni girls: Being Muslim in public schools. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Sirin, S., & Fine, M. (2008). Muslim American youth: Understanding hyphenated identities through multiple methods. New York: New York University Press.
Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Yuval-Davis, N. (2011). The politics of belonging: Intersectional contestations. London: Sage.
Yuval-Davis, N., Anthias, F., & Kofman, E. (2005). Secure borders and safe haven and the gendered politics of belonging: Beyond social cohesion. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 28(3), 513–535.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore
About this entry
Cite this entry
Abu El-Haj, T.R. (2017). Geographies of Citizenship: Muslim Youth in Post-9/11 United States. In: Harker, C., Hörschelmann, K. (eds) Conflict, Violence and Peace. Geographies of Children and Young People, vol 11. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-038-4_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-038-4_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-287-037-7
Online ISBN: 978-981-287-038-4
eBook Packages: Social SciencesReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences