Skip to main content

Perceptions of Risk and Safety in Public Spaces: Towards a Child Standpoint

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Risk, Protection, Provision and Policy

Part of the book series: Geographies of Children and Young People ((GCYP,volume 12))

Abstract

The safety of children in public spaces has long been an issue of public and policy concern. Since the 1990s, however, anxiety about children’s safety has reached unprecedented levels in wealthy countries. Concerns about the dangers presented to children in public spaces, particularly from traffic and strangers, have resulted in children’s independent movement within their communities being severely limited. This chapter examines the literature around both parent’s and children’s concerns about safety, exploring how the concept of risk society provides a framework for understanding safety concerns. It argues that a child standpoint offers a means of reshaping the debate around risk and children’s safety in communities, by first illuminating generationally based hierarchies and second bringing children’s own perspectives to the fore.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alanen, L. (2003). Childhoods: The generational ordering of social relations. In B. Mayall & H. Zeiher (Eds.), Childhood in generational perspective. London: University of London, Institute of Education.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alix, E. K. (1978). Ransom kidnapping in America: The creation of a capital crime, 1874–1974. Cardondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Backett-Milburn, K., & Harden, J. (2004). How children and their families construct and negotiate risk, safety and danger. Childhood, 11(4), 429–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1986). Risikogesellschaft: Auf dem Weg in Eine andere Moderne, Frankfurt:Germany: Suhrkamp. Translated as Risk Society (London: Sage, 1992).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (1992). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U. (2009). World at risk (trans: Cronin, C.). Cambridge: Policy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, U., & Beck-Gernsheim, E. (2002). Individualization: Institutionalized individualism and its social and political consequences. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedau, H. (1991). The death penalty in America: Yesterday and today. Dickinson Law Review, 95(1), 759–772.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessell, S., & Mason, J. (2014). Putting the pieces in place: Children, communities and social capital in Australia. Research report. Canberra: The Australian National University. Available at http://cpc.crawford.anu.edu.au/publications/

  • Blakely, K. (1994). Parents’ conceptions of social dangers to children in urban environments. Children’s Environments, 11, 16–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, S. (1990). Childhood and public life: Reaffirming biographical divisions. Social Problems, 37, 390–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carver, A., Timperio, A., & Crawford, D. (2008). Playing it safe: The influence of neighbourhood safety on children’s physical activity – A review. Health and Place., 14, 217–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, P., & Mikkelsen, M. R. (2008). Jumping off and being careful: Children’s strategies of risk management in everyday life. Sociology of Health and Illness, 30(1), 112–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M. (2003). Risk and blame. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, M., & Wildavsky, A. (1982). Risk and culture: An essay on the selection of technical and environmental dangers. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fattore, T., Mason, J., & Watson, E. (2007). Children’s conceptualisation(s) of their well-being. Social Indicators Research, 80, 5–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fattore, T., Mason, J., & Watson, E. (2009). When children are asked about their well-being: Towards a framework for guiding policy. Child Indicators Research, 2, 57–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, C. (2010). Children’s neighbourhoods, social centres to ‘terra incognita’. Children’s Geographies, 8(2), 157–176.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, C., & Vass, E. (2010). Planning, maps, and children’s lives: A cautionary tale. Planning Theory & Practice, 11(1), 65–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giddens, A. (1999). Runaway world: How globalization is reshaping our lives. London: Profile.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (2010). Relations in public: Microstudies of the public order. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harden, J. (2000). There’s no place like home: The public/private distinction in children’s theorizing of risk and safety. Childhood, 7(1), 43–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hartsock, N. (1983). The Feminist Standpoint: Developing the Ground for a Specifically Feminist Historical Materialism. In Harding, S. and Hintikka, M. B., Discovering Reality: Feminist Perspectives on Epistemology, Metaphysics, and Philosophy of Science, New York: Kluwer Academic Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henley, J. (2001) Court allows French city’s child curfew, Guardian Unlimited. Available at http://www.guardianunlimited.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4218830,00.html, accessed 3 August 2001.

  • Hillman, M., Adams, J., & Whitelegg, J. (1990). One false move: A study of children’s independent mobility. London: Policy Studies Institute Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, A. (2009). Agency. In J. Qvortrup, G. Valentine, W. Corsaro, & M. Honig (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of childhood studies (pp. 34–45). Palgrave: Basingstoke.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, A., Prout, A., & Jenks, C. (Eds.). (1998). Theorizing childhood. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karsten, L. (2005). It all used to be better? Different generations on continuity and change in urban children’s daily use of space. Children’s Geographies, 3(3), 275–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelley, P., Mayall, B., & Hood, S. (1997). Children’s accounts of risk. Childhood, 4(3), 305–324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitzinger, J. (1999). The ultimate neighbour from hell: Stranger danger and the framing of paedophiles. In B. Franklin (Ed.), Social policy, the media and misrepresentation. London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Larreau, A. (2003). Unequal childhoods: Class, race, and family life. Berkeley/Los Angeles: University of California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lupton, D. (2013). Risk (2nd ed.). London/New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malone, K. (2007). The bubble-wrap generation: Children growing up in walled gardens. Environmental Education Researcher, 13(4), 513–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matthews, H. (2003). The street as a liminal space: The barbed spaces of childhood? In P. Christensen & M. O’Brien (Eds.), Children in the city: Home, neighbourhood and community. London/New York: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayall, B. (1994). Children’s childhoods: Observed and experienced. London: Falmer Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, V. (1999). Conceptualising social capital in relation to the well-being of children and young people: A critical review. The Sociological Review, 47(4), 744–765.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow, V. (2003). Conceptualizing social capital in relation to children and young people: Is it different for girls? Paper presented to Gender and Social Capital Conference, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien, M. (2003). Regenerating children’s neighbourhoods: What do children want? In P. Christensen & M. O’Brien (Eds.), Children in the city: Home, neighbourhood and community. London/New York: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Neil, M. (2002). Youth curfews in the United States: The creation of public spheres for some young people. Journal of Youth Studies, 5(1), 49–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qvortrup, J. (1987). Childhood as a social phenomenon: Introduction to a series of national reports. Vienna: European Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, H., Smith, S. J., & Bryce, C. (1995). Children at risk? Buckingham: Open University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Swigonski, M. (1994). The logic of feminist standpoint theory for social work research. Social Work, 39(4), 387–393.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, J., & Fraser, A. (2003). Eleven plus: Life changes and family income. Fitzroy: Brotherhood of St Laurence.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tranter, P., & Doyle, J. (1996). Reclaiming the residential street as play space. International Play Journal, 4, 91–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tranter, P., & Sharpe, S. (2007). Children and peak oil: An opportunity in crisis. International Journal of Children’s Rights, 15, 181–197.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tulloch, J., & Lupton, D. (2003). Risk and everyday life. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, C. (2012). Parental neighbourhood satisfaction: A snap shot of parents of 5–12 year. Melbourne: Australian Council on Education Research. Available at http://research.acer.edu.au/cimat/3. Accessed 10 May 2015.

  • Valentine, G. (1996). Children should be seen and not heard? The role of children in public space. Urban Geography, 17, 205–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, G. (1997a). ‘Oh yes I can’. ‘Oh no you can’t’.: Children and parents’ understandings of kids’ competence to negotiate public space safely. Antipode, 29, 65–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, G. (1997b). A safe place to grow up? Parenting, perceptions of children’s safety and the rural idyll. Journal of Rural Studies, 13, 137–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, G., & McKendrick, J. (1997). Children’s outdoor play: Exploring parental concerns about children’s safety and the changing nature of childhood. Geoforum, 28(2), 219–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Burgt, D. (2015). Spatial avoidance or spatial confidence? Young people’s agency in the active negotiation of risk and safety in public space. Children’s Geographies, 13(2), 181–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, I. (2001). Anxiety in a risk society: Health, risk and society. London/New York: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Woolcock, G., & Steel, W. (2007). Child-friendly community indicators – A literature review. Based on a report prepared by the Urban Research Program for the NSW Commission for Children and Young People. Nathan: Griffith University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeiher, H. (2003). Shaping daily life in urban environments. In P. Christensen & M. O’Brien (Eds.), Children in the city: Home, neighbourhood and community. London/New York: Routledge Falmer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zelizer, V. (1985). Pricing the priceless child: The changing social value of children. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sharon Bessell .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media Singapore

About this entry

Cite this entry

Bessell, S. (2017). Perceptions of Risk and Safety in Public Spaces: Towards a Child Standpoint. In: Freeman, C., Tranter, P., Skelton, T. (eds) Risk, Protection, Provision and Policy. Geographies of Children and Young People, vol 12. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-035-3_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics