Abstract
In the research-based CATs (climates, attitudes, and thinking skills) model (Kim, 2016, 2017, 2019), we propose how individuals can develop creativity into innovation. We used this model as the basis for analysing and evaluating the recent Korean education efforts for creative and gifted education. The CATs model includes three steps and metaphors of natural phenomenon and acronyms are used to illustrate these three steps, that are: (a) cultivating climates uses the 4S that are metaphors of sun, storm, soil, and space; (b) nurturing the 4S attitudes; and (c) applying ION (inbox, outbox, and newbox) thinking skills. The 4S climates nurture the 4S attitudes, which enable ION thinking skills. For these three steps of climate, attitudes, and creative thinking, metaphorically: sun characterises inspiration and encouragement; storm includes high expectations and challenges; soil comprises diverse resources, experiences, and viewpoints; and space represents thinking deeply and freely. How Korean education inhibits or fosters creativity, even though significant educational efforts have attempted to cultivate the 4S climates for its gifted students, will be explored in this chapter.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Ahn, S.-Y., & Baek, H.-J. (2013). Academic achievement-oriented society and its relationship to the psychological well-being of Korean adolescents. In C.-C. Yi (Ed.), The psychological well-being of East Asian youth (Vol. 2, pp. 265–279). Dordrecht: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4081-5_13
Alexander, N. A., & Kim, H. (2017). Adequacy by any other name: A comparative look at educational spending in the United States and the Republic of Korea. Journal of Education Finance, 43(1), 65–83. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1169323
Ambrose, D., & Sternberg, R. J. (Eds.). (2012). How dogmatic beliefs harm creativity and higher level thinking. New York, NY: Routledge.
Amireault, S., Godin, G., & Vézina-Im, L. (2013). Determinants of physical activity maintenance: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Health Psychology Review, 7, 55–91. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2012.701060
Anderson, K. T. (2015). The discursive construction of lower-tracked students: Ideologies of meritocracy and the politics of education. Education Policy Analysis Archives, 23(110), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.14507/epaa.v23.2141
Anderson, T. M., & Kohler, H.-P. (2013). Education fever and the east Asian fertility puzzle: A case study of the low fertility in South Korea. Asian Population Studies, 9, 196–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441730.2013.797293
Au, W. (2009). Unequal by design: High-stakes testing and the standardization of inequality. New York, NY: Routledge.
Au, W. (2011). Teaching under the new Taylorism: High-stakes testing and the standardization of the 21st century curriculum. Journal of Curriculum Studies, 43, 25–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220272.2010.521261
Badzakova-Trajkov, G., Häberling, I. S., & Corballis, M. C. (2011). Magical ideation, creativity, handedness, and cerebral asymmetries: A combined behavioural and fMRI study. Neuropsychologia, 49, 2896–2903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.06.016
Bang, H., & Montgomery, D. (2013). Wisdom and ego-identity for Korean and American late adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44, 807–831. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022112466941
Barkema, H. G., Chen, X.-P., George, G., Luo, Y., & Tsui, A. S. (2015). West meets east: New concepts and theories. Academy of Management Journal, 58, 460–479. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2015.4021
Barrow, L., & Rouse, C. E. (2006). The economic value of education by race and ethnicity. Economic Perspectives, 30(2), 14–27.
Bartlett, T., & Fischer, K. (2011). The China conundrum. The Chronicle Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/The-China-Conundrum/129628/
Bavishi, A., Slade, M. D., & Levy, B. R. (2016). A chapter a day: Association of book reading with longevity. Social Science & Medicine, 164, 44–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.014
Beghetto, R. A. (2006). Creative self-efficacy: Correlates in middle and secondary students. Creativity Research Journal, 18, 447–457. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326934crj1804_4
Berman, M. G., Jonides, J., & Kaplan, S. (2008). The cognitive benefits of interacting with nature. Psychological Science, 19, 1207–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02225.x
Bong, M. (2008). Effects of parent-child relationships and classroom goal structures on motivation, help-seeking avoidance, and cheating. Journal of Experimental Education, 76, 191–217. https://doi.org/10.3200/JEXE.76.2.191-217
Booher-Jennings, J. (2008). Learning to label: Socialization, gender, and the hidden curriculum of high-stakes testing. British Journal of Sociology of Education, 29, 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425690701837513
Brewer, P., & Venaik, S. (2011). Individualism–collectivism in Hofstede and GLOBE. Journal of International Business Studies, 42, 436–445. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2010.62
Capaldi, C. A., Dopko, R. L., & Zelenski, J. M. (2014). The relationship between nature connectedness and happiness: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 5(976), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00976
Cappelli, P., & Hamori, M. (2004). The path to the top: Changes in the attributes and careers of corporate executives, 1980–2001. NBER working paper 10507. Cambridge, England: National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).
Chan, J., & Chen, Y. (2008). Processes and outcomes of encouraging universities to implement creative studies colleges. In J. Chan (Ed.), Creative education programs in Taiwan: Development and implementation (pp. 244–257). Taipei: Ministry of Education.
Chan, S., & Yuen, M. (2014). Creativity beliefs, creative personality and creativity-fostering practices of gifted education teachers and regular class teachers in Hong Kong. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 14, 109–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2014.10.003
Charities Aid Foundation. (2016). CAF world giving index 2016. Retrieved from https://www.cafonline.org/about-us/publications/2016-publications/caf-world-giving-index-2016
Charities Aid Foundation. (2017). CAF world giving index 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cafonline.org/about-us/publications/2017-publications/caf-world-giving-index-2017
Chávez-Eakle, R. A., Graff-Guerrero, A., García-Reyna, J. C., Vaugier, V., & Cruz-Fuentes, C. (2007). Cerebral blood flow associated with creative performance: A comparative study. NeuroImage, 38, 519–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.059
Cho, H. (2018). Crafting a third space: Integrative strategies for implementing critical citizenship education in a standards-based classroom. Journal of Social Studies Research, 42, 273–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssr.2017.07.001
Cho, S., Ahn, D., Han, S., & Park, H. (2008). Academic developmental patterns of the Korean gifted during the 18 years after identification. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 784–789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.007
Choi, K. M. (2014). Opportunities to explore for gifted STEM students in Korea: From admissions criteria to curriculum. Theory Into Practice, 53(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/00405841.2014.862117
Chua, R. Y., Roth, Y., & Lemoine, J.-F. (2015). The impact of culture on creativity how cultural tightness and cultural distance affect global innovation crowdsourcing work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 60, 189–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839214563595
Chun, A. (2013). De-societalizing the school: On the hegemonic making of moral persons (citizenship) and its disciplinary regimes. Critique of Anthropology, 33, 146–167. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308275X13478222
Cropley, A. (2006). Dimensions of creativity: Creativity, a social approach. Roeper Review, 28, 125–130. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783190609554351
Csikszentmihali, M. (1996). Creativity: Flow and the psychology of discovery and invention. New York, NY: Harper Perennial.
Davis, D. S., & Willson, A. (2015). Practices and commitments of test-centric literacy instruction: Lessons from a testing transition. Reading Research Quarterly, 50, 357–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.103
De Jesus, S. N., Rus, C. L., Lens, W., & Imaginário, S. (2013). Intrinsic motivation and creativity related to product: A meta-analysis of the studies published between 1990–2010. Creativity Research Journal, 25, 80–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2013.752235
Dijksterhuis, A., & Meurs, T. (2006). Where creativity resides: The generative power of unconscious thought. Consciousness and Cognition, 15(1), 135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2005.04.007
Dijksterhuis, A., & Nordgren, L. F. (2006). A theory of unconscious thought. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 1(2), 95–109. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2006.00007.x
Dowdell, K., Gray, T., & Malone, K. (2011). Nature and its influence on children$s outdoor play. Journal of Outdoor and Environmental Education, 15(2), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03400925
Economist. (2011). Exams in South Korea: The one-shot society. The Economist. Retrieved from http://www.economist.com/node/21541713
Elman, B. A. (2009). Civil service examinations (Keju). In Berkshire encyclopedia of China (pp. 405–410). Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire.
Entrich, S. R. (2015). The decision for shadow education in Japan: Students’ choice or parents’ pressure? Social Science Japan Journal, 18, 193–216. https://doi.org/10.1093/ssjj/jyv012
Ericsson, K. A. (2014). Expertise. Current Biology, 24, 508–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.04.013
Ericsson, K. A., Charness, N., Feltovich, P. J., & Hoffman, R. R. (Eds.) (2006). The Cambridge handbook of expertise and expert performance. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Ericsson, K. A., Nandagopal, K., & Roring, R. W. (2005). Giftedness viewed from the expert performance perspective. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 28, 287–311. https://doi.org/10.4219/jeg-2005-335
Erwin, J. O., & Worrell, F. C. (2012). Assessment practices and the underrepresentation of minority students in gifted and talented education. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 30, 74–87. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911428197
Eum, K., & Rice, K. G. (2011). Test anxiety, perfectionism, goal orientation, and academic performance. Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 24, 167–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2010.488723
Flake, M. A., Benefield, T. C., Schwartz, S. E., Bassett, R., Archer, B., Etter, F., … Kahan, E. (2006). A firsthand look at NCLB. Educational Leadership, 64(3), 48–52. Retrieved from http://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/nov06/vol64/num03/A-Firsthand-Look-atNCLB.aspx
Friedman, P. (2010). China’s plagiarism problem. Forbes.com. Retrieved from http://www.forbes.com/2010/05/26/china-cheating-innovation-markets-economy-plagiarism.html
Gelfand, M. J., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L., Leslie, L. M., Lun, J., Lim, B., … Yamaguchi, S. (2011). Differences between tight and loose cultures: A 33-nation study. Science, 332, 1100–1104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00465
Gonen-Yaacovi, G., Levy, R., Urbanski, M., & Volle, E. (2013). Rostral and caudal prefrontal contribution to creativity: A meta-analysis of functional imaging data. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7(465), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00465
Grant, A. M. (2008). Does intrinsic motivation fuel the prosocial fire? Motivational synergy in predicting persistence, performance, and productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93, 48–58. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.93.1.48
Guignard, J., Kermarrec, S., & Tordjman, S. (2016). Relationships between intelligence and creativity in gifted and non-gifted children. Learning and Individual Differences, 52, 209–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2015.07.006
Guilford, J. P. (1986). Creative talents: Their nature, uses, and development. Buffalo/New York, NY: Bearly Limited.
Hahm, C. (2003). Law, culture, and the politics of confucianism. Colombia Journal of Asian Law, 16(2), 254–301.
Haller, C. S., & Courvoisier, D. C. (2010). Personality and thinking style in different creative domains. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4, 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017084
Hammond, M. M., Neff, N. L., Farr, J. L., Schwall, A. R., & Zhao, X. (2011). Predictors of individual-level innovation at work: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 5, 90–105. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018556
Hawkins, J. (2008). Myth or reality? Assessing the validity of the Asian model of education. Harvard International Review, 30(3), 52–56. Retrieved from www.jstor.org/stable/42763600
Hodges, J., Tay, J., Maeda, Y., & Gentry, M. (2018). A meta-analysis of gifted and talented identification practices. Gifted Child Quarterly, 62, 147–174. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986217752107
Hsu, M. L. A., Hou, S., & Fan, H. (2011). Creative self-efficacy and innovative behavior in a service setting: Optimism as a moderator. Journal of Creative Behavior, 45, 258–272. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2011.tb01430.x
Huan, V. S., See, Y. L., Ang, R. P., & Har, C. W. (2008). The impact of adolescent concerns of their academic stress. Educational Review, 60, 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1080/00131910801934045
Hwang, K.-K. (1999). Filial piety and loyalty: Two types of social identification in Confucianism. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 163–183. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-839X.00031
Janssen, I. (2016). Estimating whether replacing time in active outdoor play and sedentary video games with active video games influences youth’s mental health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 59, 517–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.07.007
Janssen, O. (2004). How fairness perceptions make innovative behavior more or less stressful. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25, 201–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.238
Jaušovec, N. (2000). Differences in cognitive processes between gifted, intelligent, creative, and average individuals while solving complex problems: An EEG study. Intelligence, 28, 213–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-2896(00)00037-4
Jones, B. (2007). The unintended outcomes of high-stakes testing. Journal of Applied School Psychology, 23, 65–86. https://doi.org/10.1300/J370v23n02_05
Jones, R. (2011). Education reform in Japan. Paris, France: OECD.
Jung, H., & Mah, J. S. (2014). The role of the government in science and technology education of Korea. Science, Technology and Society, 19, 199–227. https://doi.org/10.1177/0971721814529877
Kang, J. I. (2006). Academic dependency: Western-centrism in Korean political science. Korea Journal, 46(4), 115–135.
Kim, A. E., & Park, G.-S. (2003). Nationalism, Confucianism, work ethic and industrialization in South Korea. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 33(1), 37–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00472330380000041
Kim, K. H. (2006). Can we trust creativity tests? A review of The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (TTCT). Creativity Research Journal, 18, 3–14.
Kim, K. H. (2007). Exploring the interactions between Asian culture (Confucianism) and creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 41, 28–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2007.tb01280.x
Kim, K. H. (2008). Underachievement and creativity: Are gifted underachievers highly creative? Creativity Research Journal, 20, 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802060232
Kim, K. H. (2009). Cultural influence on creativity: The relationship between Asian culture (Confucianism) and creativity among Korean educators. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43, 73–93. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2009.tb01307.x
Kim, K. H. (2011). The creativity crisis: The decrease in creative thinking scores on the Torrance tests of creative thinking. Creativity Research Journal, 23, 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2011.627805
Kim, K. H. (2016). The creativity challenge: How we can recapture American innovation. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Kim, K. H. (2017). Creativity crisis update: How high-stakes testing stifles innovation. Retrieved from https://www.creativitypost.com/article/the_2017_creativity_crisis_update_how_high_stakes_testing_has_stifled_innov
Kim, K. H. (2019). Demystifying creativity: What creativity isn’t and is? Roeper Review, 41, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2019.1585397
Kim, K. H. (In press). Creativity crisis update: U.S. follows Asia in pursuing high test scores over learning. Roeper Review.
Kim, K. H., Cramond, B., & Bandalos, D. L. (2006). The latent structure and measurement invariance of scores on the Torrance tests of creative thinking –figural. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66, 459–477. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164405282456
Kim, K. H., Lee, H., Chae, K., Andersen, L., & Lawrence, C. (2011). Creativity and Confucianism among American and Korean educators. Creativity Research Journal, 23, 357–371. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2011.621853
Kim, K. H., & VanTassel-Baska, J. (2010). The relationship between creativity and behavior problems among underachievers. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 185–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2011.627805
Kim, M. K., Roh, I. S., & Cho, M. K. (2016). Creativity of gifted students in an integrated math-science instruction. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.07.004
Kim, S., & Lee, J.-H. (2010). Private tutoring and demand for education in South Korea. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 58, 259–296. https://doi.org/10.1086/648186
Kines, S. W. (2012). The viability of English television programs inside of South Korean classrooms. Journal of International Education Research, 8, 183–196. https://doi.org/10.19030/jier.v8i3.7100
Koo, H. (2007). The changing faces of inequality in South Korea in the age of globalization. Korean Studies, 31, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1353/ks.2008.0018
Korea Educational Development Institute (KEDI). (2007). For the institutional improvement of the special purpose high schools, we have to find them a right place. Seoul, South Korea: Author.
Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science & Creativity (KOFAC). (2018). What we do. Retrieved from https://www.kofac.re.kr/?page_id=1784.
Korea Foundation for the Advancement of Science (KOFAC). (2017). The Korea Ministry of Education’s policy for fostering creativity in students. Seoul, South Korea: Author.
Korea Ministry of Education. (2016). The Korea Ministry of Education. Retrieved from http://english.moe.go.kr/sub/info.do?m=020101&s=english
Korea National Statistics Office. (2008). Statistics on the causes of death. Retrieved from http://www.kostat.go.kr
Kowatari, Y., Lee, S. H., Yamamura, H., Nagamori, Y., Levy, P., Yamane, S., & Yamamoto, M. (2009). Neural networks involved in artistic creativity. Human Brain Mapping, 30, 1678–1690. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20633
Koyama, A., Matsushita, M., Sshijima, H., Jono, T., & Ikeda, M. (2014). Association between depression, examination-related stressors, and sense of coherence: The ronin-sei study. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 68, 441–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12146
Kurman, J., Liem, G. A., Ivancovsky, T., Morio, H., & Lee, J. (2015). Regulatory focus as an explanatory variable for cross-cultural differences in achievement-related behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 46, 171–190. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022114558090
Kwang, N. A., & Rodrigues, D. (2002). A big-five personality profile of the adaptor and innovator. Journal of Creative Behavior, 36, 254–268. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2002.tb01068
Kwon, Y. G. (2009). An analysis on the occupations of the parents in foreign language high schools and independent high schools. Seoul, South Korea: Democratic Labor Party.
Lane, J., Lane, A. M., & Kyprianou, A. (2004). Self-efficacy, self-esteem and their impact on academic performance. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 32, 247–256. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2004.32.3.247
Lee, C. J. (2005a). Korean education fever and private tutoring. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 2(1), 99–107.
Lee, S.-J. (2005b). Democratization and polarization in Korean society. Asian Perspective, 29(3), 99–125.
Lee, J. (2009). Universals and specifics of math self-concept, math self-efficacy, and math anxiety across 41 PISA 2003 participating countries. Learning and Individual Differences, 19, 355–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2008.10.009
Lee, J. (2011). South Korean students’ ‘year of hell’ culminates with exams day. CNN. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2011/11/10/world/asia/south-korea-exam.
Lee, J., Kang, B., & Lee, D. (2016). Law for gifted and talented education in South Korea: Its development, issues, and prospects. Turkish Journal of Giftedness and Education, 6(1), 14–23.
Lee, J. B. (2012). Ethnic nationalism and multiculturalism in Korea. Multicultural Education Review, 5(1), 199–215.
Lee, L., & Misco, T. (2014). All for one or one for all: An analysis of the concepts of patriotism and others in multicultural Korea through elementary moral education textbooks. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 23, 727–734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-013-0146-1
Lee, M., & Larson, R. (2000). The Korean ‘examination hell’: Long hours of studying, distress, and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29, 249–271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005160717081
Lee, S. (2016). Identifying and developing inventive talent in the Republic of Korea. Gifted Child Today, 39(1), 40–50.
Li, C., & Wu, J. (2011). The structural relationships between optimism and innovative behavior: Understanding potential antecedents and mediating effects. Creativity Research Journal, 23, 119–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2011.571184
Li, W., Li, X., Huang, L., Kong, X., Yang, W., Wei, D., … Liu, J. (2015). Brain structure links trait creativity to openness to experience. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10, 191–198. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu041
Lim, D., & DeSteno, D. (2016). Suffering and compassion: The links among adverse life experiences, empathy, compassion, and prosocial behavior. Emotion, 16, 175. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000144
Lim, L. (2011). Plagiarism plague hides China’s scientific ambition. NPR. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2011/08/03/138937778/plagiarism-plague-hinders-chinas-scientific-ambition
Lindell, A. K. (2011). Lateral thinkers are not so laterally minded: Hemispheric asymmetry, interaction, and creativity. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 16, 479–498. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357650X.2010.497813
Liu, J. (2012). Does cram schooling matter? Who goes to cram schools? Evidence from Taiwan. International Journal of Educational Development, 32, 46–52.
Liu, Q. (2003). Filiality versus sociality and individuality: On Confucianism as “Consanguinitism”. Philosophy East & West, 53, 234–250. https://doi.org/10.1353/pew.2003.0015
Looney, J. (2009). Assessment and Innovation in Education. OECD Education Working Paper No. 24. Retrieved from http://www.oecd.org/edu/43338180.pdf
Luh, D.-B., & Lu, C.-C. (2012). From cognitive style to creativity achievement: The mediating role of passion. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 6, 282–288. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026868
Luria, S. R., O’Brien, R. L., & Kaufman, J. C. (2016). Creativity in gifted identification: Increasing accuracy and diversity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 13771(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13136
Lynn, R., & Meisenberg, G. (2010). National IQs calculated and validated for 108 nations. Intelligence, 38, 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intell.2010.04.007
Mack-Cozzo, J. B. (2002). If you think we have problems… Japan’s inferior university system. The American Enterprise, 13(6), 46–47.
Marade, A. A., Gibbons, J. A., & Brinthaupt, T. M. (2007). The role of risk-taking in songwriting success. Journal of Creative Behavior, 41, 125–149. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2007.tb01285.x
Marginson, S. (2011). Higher education in East Asia and Singapore: Rise of the Confucian model. Higher Education, 61, 587–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9384-9
Marin, A., Reimann, M., & Castaño, R. (2013). Metaphors and creativity: Direct, moderating, and mediating effects. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 24, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcps.2013.11.001
Mezias, J. M., & Starbuck, W. H. (2003). What do managers know, anyway? A lot less than they think. But now, the good news. Harvard Business Review, 81(5), 16–17.
Miller, R. (2015). Learning to love reading: A self-study on fostering students’ reading motivation in small groups. Studying Teacher Education, 11(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425964.2015.1045771
Miron-Spektor, E., Paletz, S. B., & Lin, C. C. (2015). To create without losing face: The effects of face cultural logic and social-image affirmation on creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 919–943. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2029
Mol, S. E., & Bus, A. G. (2011). To read or not to read: A meta-analysis of print exposure from infancy to early adulthood. Psychological Bulletin, 137, 267–296. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021890
Moon, R. J., & Koo, J. W. (2011). Global citizenship and human rights: A longitudinal analysis of social studies and ethnics textbooks in the republic of Korea. Comparative Education Review, 55, 574–599. https://doi.org/10.1086/660796
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., & Foy, P. (2008). TIMSS 2007 international mathematics report: Findings from IEA$s trends in international mathematics and science study at the fourth and eighth grades. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College with Olson, J.F., Preuschoff, C., Erberber, E., Arora, A., & Galia, J.
Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P., & Arora, A. (2012). TIMSS 2011. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.
Mullis, I. V.S., Martin, M. O., & Loveless, T. (2016). TIMSS 2015. Chestnut Hill, MA: TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center, Boston College.
Mumford, M. D., Hester, K. S., & Robledo, I. C. (2010). Scientific creativity: Idealism versus pragmatism. Gifted and Talented International, 25, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2010.11673550
Mumper, M. L., & Gerrig, R. J. (2017). Leisure reading and social cognition: A meta-analysis. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 11, 109–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000089
National Association for Gifted Children. (2015). 2014–2015 state of the states in gifted education: Policy and practice data. National Association for Gifted Children and the Council of State Directors of Programs for the Gifted.
National Center for Education Statistics. (2016). Program for International Student Assessment (PISA): PISA 2009 results. Retrieved from http://nces.ed.gov/surveys/pisa/pisa2009highlights.asp
New York Times. (2013). Asia’s college exam mania. New York Times. [Editorial Board]. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/07/opinion/asias-college-exam-mania.html?_r=0
Ng, A. K. (2000). Why Asians are less creative than westerners. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Nijstad, B. A., De Dreu, C. K. W., Rietzschel, E. F., & Baas, M. (2010). The dual-pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence. European Review of Social Psychology, 21, 34–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463281003765323
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2009). The nature relatedness scale: linking individuals’ connection with nature to environmental concern and behavior. Environment and Behavior, 41, 715–740.
Nisbet, E. K., Zelenski, J. M., & Murphy, S. A. (2011). Happiness is in our nature: Exploring nature relatedness as a contributor to subjective Well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12, 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-010-9197-7
Niu, W., & Sternberg, R. J. (2001). Cultural influences on artistic creativity and its evaluation. International Journal of Psychology, 36, 225–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590143000036
Niu, W., & Sternberg, R. J. (2002). Contemporary studies on the concept of creativity: The east and the west. Contemporary Studies, 36, 269–288. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2002.tb01069.x
Niu, W., & Sternberg, R. J. (2003). Societal and school influences on student creativity: The case of China. Psychology in the Schools, 40, 103–114. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.10072
Noriko, S., Fan, X., & Dusen, L. (2001). A comparative study of creative thinking of American and Japanese college students. The Journal of Creative Behavior, 35, 24–36. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2001.tb01219.x
Nouri, R., Erez, M., Lee, C., Liang, J., Bannister, B. D., & Chiu, W. (2015). Social context: Key to understanding culture’s effects on creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36, 899–918. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1923
Oh, H., Sutherland, M., Stack, N., Badia Martín, M. D. M., Blumen, S., Nguyen, Q. A.-T., … Ziegler, A. (2015). A cross-cultural study of possible iatrogenic effects of gifted education programs: Tenth graders’ perceptions of academically high performing classmates. High Ability Studies, 26(1), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2015.1044080
Ono, H. (2007). Does “examination hell” pay off? A cost-benefit analysis of “Ronin” and college education in Japan. Economics of Education Review, 26, 271–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2006.01.002
Ono, H. (2008). Training the nation’s elites: National-private sector differences in Japanese university education. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 26, 341–356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2008.08.002
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2004). First results from PISA 2003: Executive summary. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/edu/school/programforinternationalstudentassessmentpisa/34002454.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015). PISA 2015 results in focus. OECD.org. The organisation for economic co-operation and development. Retrieved from https://www.oecd.org/pisa/pisa-2015-results-in-focus.pdf
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2016). In memorization a good strategy for learning mathematics? PISA in focus. OECD Publishing. Retrieved from http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/is-memorisation-a-good-strategyfor-learning-mathematics_5jm29kw38mlq-en
Park, C.-M., & Shin, D. C. (2006). Do Asian values deter popular support for democracy in South Korea? Asian Survey, 46, 341–361. https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2006.46.3.341
Park, J-M., & Chung, J. (2012). Military discipline for “soldiers” on Korea exam’s front line. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/11/05/us-korea-exam id USBRE8A408Q20121105.
Park, S.-Y. (2010). Crafting and dismantling the egalitarian social contract: The changing state society relations in globalizing Korea. Pacific Review, 23, 579–601. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2010.522247
Paulus, P. B., Kohn, N. W., & Arditti, L. E. (2011). Effects of quantity and quality instructions on brainstorming. Journal of Creative Behavior, 45(1), 38–46.
Pellegrini, E. K., & Scandura, T. A. (2008). Paternalistic leadership: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Management, 34, 566–593. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206308316063
Plucker, J. A., Beghetto, R. A., & Dow, G. T. (2004). Why isn’t creativity more important to educational psychologists? Potentials, pitfalls, and future directions in creativity research. Educational Psychologist, 39, 83–96. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3902_1
Polman, E., & Emich, K. J. (2011). Decisions for others are more creative than decisions for the self. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 492–501. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211398362
Prat-Sala, M., & Redford, P. (2010). The interplay between motivation, self-efficacy, and approaches to studying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 80, 283–305. https://doi.org/10.1348/000709909X480563
Putman, V. L., & Paulus, P. B. (2009). Brainstorming, brainstorming rules and decision making. Journal of Creative Behavior, 43, 23–39. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2162-6057.2009.tb01304.x
Qian, M., Plucker, J. A., & Shen, J. (2010). A model of Chinese adolescents’ creative personality. Creativity Research Journal, 22, 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410903579585
Renzulli, J. S. (2005). The three ring conception of giftedness: A developmental model for promoting creative productivity. In R. J. Sternberg & J. E. Davidson (Eds.), Conceptions of giftedness (pp. 246–279). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511610455.015
Richardson, J. T. (2007). Motives, attitudes and approaches to studying in distance education. Higher Education, 54, 385–416. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-006-9003-y
Rietzschel, E. F., Nijstad, B. A., & Stroebe, W. (2007). Relative accessibility of domain knowledge and creativity: The effects of knowledge activation on the quantity and originality of generated ideas. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43, 933–946. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.10.014
Rinne, T., Steel, G. D., & Fairweather, J. (2012). Hofstede and Shane revisited the role of power distance and individualism in national-level innovation success. Cross-Cultural Research, 46, 91–108. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069397111423898
Rinne, T., Steel, G. D., & Fairweather, J. (2013). The role of Hofstede’s individualism in national level creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 25, 129–136. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2013.752293
Roberts, D. (2014). China exam system drives student suicides. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-15/china-exam-system-drives-student-suicides
Rueda, M. R., Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2005). The development of executive attention: Contributions to the emergence of self-regulation. Developmental Neuropsychology, 28, 573–594. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326942dn2802_2
Rushton, P. J., & Jensen, A. R. (2005). Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 11, 234–294. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235
Ryan, R. M., Weinstein, N., Bernstein, J., Brown, K. W., Mistretta, L., & Gagné, M. (2010). Vitalizing effects of being outdoors and in nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 30, 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2009.10.009
Saeidi, M., & Khaliliaqdam, S. (2013). The effect of socio-affective strategies on students test anxiety across different genders. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 3, 269–274. https://doi.org/10.4304/tpls.3.2.269-274
Schroth, R. A. (2012). The plagiarism plague, America. National Catholic Weekly. Retrieved from http://americamagazine.org/node/150525
Schwebel, M. (2009). Jack London: A case study of moral creativity. Creativity Research Journal, 21, 319–325. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410903297329
Seo, H.-A., Kwak, Y.-S., Jung, H.-C., & Son, J.-W. (2007). Teachers’ perceptions of management of science high schools. Journal of the Society for the International Gifted in Science, 1, 125–134.
Shavinina, L. V. (2004). Explaining high abilities of Nobel laureates. High Ability Studies, 15, 243 254. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359813042000314808
Shin, H.-Y., Kim, K., Lee, C., Shin, H., Kang, M., Lee, H.-R., & Lee, Y.-J. (2012). High prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency in young adolescents in Korea. European Journal of Pediatrics, 171, 1475–1480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-012-1746-0
Shin, H.-Y., Lee, J.-Y., Song, J., Lee, S., Lee, J., Lim, B., … Huh, S. (2016). Cause-of-death statistics in the Republic of Korea, 2014. Journal of Korean Medical Association, 59, 221–232. https://doi.org/10.5124/jkma.2016.59.3.221
Shobe, E. R., Ross, N. M., & Fleck, J. I. (2009). Influence of handedness and bilateral eye movements on creativity. Brain and Cognition, 71, 204–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2009.08.017
Simonton, D. K. (2000). Creativity: Cognitive, personal, developmental, and social aspects. American Psychologist, 55, 151–158. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.151
Simonton, D. K. (2004). Creativity in science: Chance, logic, genius, and Zeitgeist. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
Simonton, D. K. (2008). Creativity and genius. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed., pp. 679–698). New York, NY: GuilfordPress.
Simonton, D. K. (2009). Genius 101. The psych 101 series. New York, NY: Springer.
Sio, U. N., & Ormerod, T. C. (2009). Does incubation enhance problem solving? A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 135(1), 94–120. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014212
Smith, S. R. & Lu, C. H. (2015). Nurturing interdisciplinary interconnections to enhance theoretical talent development: Using metaphor to reflect on Ambrose’s insights for gifted education. International Journal for Talent Development and Creativity, 3, 77–92. Retrieved from https://www.unsworks.unsw.edu.au/permalink/f/a5fmj0/unsworks_modsunsworks_37966
Son, H. (2013). Alternative future scenarios for South Korea in 2030. Futures, 52, 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2013.06.005
Song, J. (2017a). Rules and conformity frustrate south Korean tech start-ups: Concern is growing that the country could lose its cutting edge. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/77650312-f24c-11e6-95ee-f14e55513608
Song, J. (2017b). South Korea struggles to make its R & D work: Country’s conformist culture, lack of innovative thinking and pressure for quick returns are holding it back. Financial Times. Retrieved from https://www.ft.com/content/99450bd8-ba71-11e7-bff8-f9946607a6ba.
Sriraman, B., & Dickman, B. (2017). Mathematical pathologies as pathways into creativity. International Journal on Mathematics Education (ZDM), 49, 137–145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0822-8
Sternberg, R. J., & Kaufman, J. C. (2010). Constraints on creativity: Obvious and not so obvious. In J. C. Kaufman & R. J. Sternberg (Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Creativity (pp. 467–482). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511763205.029
Suen, H. K., & Yu, L. (2006). Chronic consequences of high-stakes testing? Lessons from the Chinese civil service exam. Comparative Education Review, 50, 46–65. https://doi.org/10.1086/498328
Sung, Y.-T., Chao, T.-Y., & Tseng, F.-L. (2016). Reexamining the relationship between test anxiety and learning achievement: An individual-differences perspective. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 46, 241–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2016.07.001
Tabach, M., & Friedlander, A. (2013). School mathematics and creativity at the elementary and middle-grade levels: How are they related. Mathematics Education, 45, 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-012-0471-5
Tadmor, C. T., Galinsky, A. D., & Maddux, W. W. (2012). Getting the most out of living abroad: Biculturalism and integrative complexity as key drivers of creative and professional success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 520–542. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029360
Tam, K. (2013). Concepts and measures related to connection to nature: Similarities and differences. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 34, 64–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.01.004
Tamdogon, O. G. (2006). Creativity in education: Clearness in perception, vigorousness in curiosity. Education for Information, 24, 139–151. https://doi.org/10.3233/EFI-2006-242-303
Tan, P., Morgan, S., & Zagheni, E. (2016). A case for “reversed one-child” policies in Japan and South Korea? Examining the link between education costs and lowest-low fertility. Population Research and Policy Review, 35, 327–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-016-9390-4
Taylor, M. Z., & Wilson, S. (2012). Does culture still matter? The effects of individualism on national innovation rates. Journal of Business Venturing, 27, 234–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusvent.2010.10.001
Tellis, G. J., Prabhu, J. C., & Chandy, R. K. (2009). Radical innovation across nations: The preeminence of corporate culture. Journal of Marketing, 73(1), 3–23. https://doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.73.1.3
Thrash, T. M., Maruskin, L. A., Cassidy, S. E., Fryer, J. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2010). Mediating between the muse and the masses: Inspiration and the actualization of creative ideas. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 469–487. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017907
Torrance, E. P., & Safter, H. T. (1999). Making the creative leap beyond. Buffalo, NY: Creative Education Foundation Press.
Torrance, E. P. (2000). Research review for the Torrance tests of creative thinking figural and verbal forms A & B. Bensenville, IL: Scholastic Testing Services.
Torrance, E. P. (2002). The manifesto: A guide to developing a creative career. West Westport, CT: Ablex.
Treffinger, D. J., Young, G. C., Selby, E. C., & Shepardson, C. (2002). Assessing creativity: A guide for educators. Sarasota, FL: Center for Creative Learning.
Walsh, C. (2013). Jobs, Einstein, and Franklin: Isaacson deconstructs their genius and dedication to larger goals. Retrieved from http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/stroy/2013/04/jobs einstein-and-franklin/
Wang, L. C. (2015). The effect of high-stakes testing on suicidal ideation of teenagers with reference-dependent preferences. Journal of Population Economics, 29, 345–364. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2189268
Warne, R. T., Anderson, B., & Johnson, A. O. (2013). The impact of race and ethnicity on the identification process for giftedness in Utah. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 36, 487–508. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162353213506065
Wiederkehr, V., Bonnot, V., Krauth-Gruber, S., & Darnon, C. (2015). Belief in school meritocracy as a system-justifying tool for low status students. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(1053), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01053
Winner, E. (2003). Creativity and talent. In M. H. Bornstein, L. Davidson, C. L. M. Keyes, & K. A. Moore (Eds.), Well-being: Positive development across the life course (pp. 371–380). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Won, S. J., & Han, S. (2010). Out-of-school activities and achievement among middle school students in the U.S. and South Korea. Journal of Advanced Academics, 21, 628–661. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932202X1002100404
Yang, S., & Shin, C. S. (2008). Parental attitudes towards education: What matters for children’s Well-being? Children and Youth Services Review, 30, 1328–1335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.03.015
Yeo, J. S. (2016). Gifted education to help students reach their full potential. Retrieved from http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20160108000828
Yonngong. (2015). Suicide No. 1 cause of death for S. Korean teens, youths. Retrieved from http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/national/2015/04/28/11/0302000000AEN20150428004700320F.hml
Yuan-kang, W. (2009). The irrelevance of Confucian culture in Chinese military policy: Song–Liao war and peace (960–1005). Chinese Journal of International Politics, 2, 489–538. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjip/pop008
Zhao, Y., Hoge, J., Choi, J., & Lee, S. (2007). Comparison of social studies education in the united States, China, and South Korea. International Journal of Social Education, 21(2), 91–122. Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ782141.pdf
Zhong, C.-B., Dijksterhuis, A., & Galinsky, A. D. (2008). The merits of unconscious thought in creativity. Psychological Science, 19, 912–918. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02176.x
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Kim, K.H., Lee, J. (2020). Creative and Gifted Education in Korea: Using the CATs Model to Illustrate How Creativity Can Grow into Innovation. In: Smith, S. (eds) Handbook of Giftedness and Talent Development in the Asia-Pacific. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3021-6_50-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3021-6_50-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3021-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3021-6
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education