Abstract
We exist at a time when technology has revolutionized the way people work. It is now just as easy to communicate electronically with colleagues thousands of miles away as it is with a co-worker in the same building. While there are many advantages of information and communication technologies (ICTs), workplace cyberbullying channelled through ICTs illustrates the potential drawbacks of such technologies. This chapter examines the limited yet developing research on workplace cyberbullying. First, we discuss the criteria used to define workplace cyberbullying and the behaviours that encompass it. We then present current empirical findings, including research on the actors involved in the process and the antecedents, prevalence and impact of workplace cyberbullying. Finally, we discuss theoretical perspectives on why workplace cyberbullying occurs, highlight the emerging focus on the work context and present some suggestions for future research in this area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
References
Anderson, C., & Galinsky, A. D. (2006). Power, optimism, and risk-taking. European Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 511–536.
Ang, R. P., & Goh, D. H. (2010). Cyberbullying among adolescents: The role of affective and cognitive empathy, and gender. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 41, 387–397.
Baruch, Y. (2005). Bullying on the net: Adverse behavior on e-mail and its impact. Information Management, 42(2), 361–371.
Bauman, S., & Del Rio, A. (2006). Preservice teachers’ responses to bullying scenarios: Comparing physical, verbal and relational bullying. Journal of Education Psychology, 98(1), 219–231.
Bauman, S., & Newman, M. L. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyber bullying. Psychology of Violence, 3(1), 27–38.
Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117–127.
Brinkley, I., Fauth, R., Mahdon, M., & Theodoropoulou, S. (2009). Knowledge workers and knowledge work: A knowledge economy programme report. London: The Work Foundation.
Byron, K., & Baldridge, D. (2005). Toward a model of nonverbal cues and emotion in email. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2005, No. 1, pp. B1–B6). Academy of Management.
Cassidy, W., Faucher, C., & Jackson, M. (2014). The dark side of the ivory tower: Cyberbullying of university faculty and teaching personnel. Alberta Journal of Educational Research, 60(2), 279–299.
Chekwa, C., & Thomas, E. (2013). Workplace bullying: Is it a matter of growth? Journal of Diversity Management, 8, 45–50.
Clark, H., & Brennan, S. (1991). Grounding in communication. In L. Resnick, J. Levine, & S. Teasley (Eds.), Perspectives on socially shared cognition (pp. 127–149). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Coyne, I., & Farley, S. (2018, in review). Cyberbullying within working contexts. In W. Cassidy, C. Faucher, & M. Jackson (Eds), Cyberbullying at University: A Cross-Jurisdictional, Multi-Disciplinary Perspective. Routledge: Psychology Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
Coyne, I., Farley, S., Axtell, C., Sprigg, C., Best, L., & Kwok, O. (2017a). Understanding the relationship between experiencing workplace cyberbullying, employee mental strain and job satisfaction: A dysempowerment approach. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 28(7), 945–972.
Coyne, I., Gopaul, A-M., Campbell, M., Pankász, A., Garland, R., & Cousans, F. (2017b). Bystander responses to bullying at work: The role of mode, type and relationship to target. Journal of Business Ethics, 1–15.
D’Cruz, P. (2015). Depersonalized bullying at work. New Delhi: Springer.
D’Cruz, P. (2016). Cyberbullying at work: Experiences of Indian employees. In J. Webster & K. Randle (Eds.), Virtual workers and the global labour market, Dynamics of virtual work (pp. 239–259). London: Palgrave Macmillan.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2010). Protecting my interests: HRM and targets’ coping with workplace bullying. The Qualitative Report, 15(3), 507–534.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2011). The limits to workplace friendship: Managerialist HRM and bystander behaviour in the context of workplace bullying. Employee Relations, 33(3), 269–288.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2015). Customer cyberbullying: The experiences of India’s international-facing call centre agents. In S. Sahadev, K. Purani, & N. Malhotra (Eds.), Boundary spanning elements and the marketing function in organizations (pp. 9–32). London: Springer.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2016). Positives outweighing negatives: The experiences of Indian crowd sourced workers. Work Organization, Labour and Globalization, 10(1), 44–63.
D’Cruz, P. & Noronha, E. (2017a, forthcoming). Target experiences of workplace bullying on online labour markets: Uncovering the nuances of resilience. Employee Relations, 139–154.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2017b). Workplace cyberbullying. In K. Briken et al. (Eds.), The new digital workplace: How new technologies revolutionize work. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
D’Cruz, P. & Noronha, E. (2017c, forthcoming). Abuse on online labour markets: Targets’ coping, power and control. Qualitative Research in Organizations and Management.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2013). Navigating the extended reach: Target experiences of cyberbullying at work. Information and Organization, 23(4), 324–343.
D’Cruz, P., & Noronha, E. (2014). The interface between technology and customer cyberbullying: Evidence from India. Information and Organization, 24(3), 176–193.
DeHue, F., Bolman, C., & Völlink, T. (2008). Cyberbullying: Youngsters’ experiences and parental perception. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(2), 217–223.
Dooley, J. J., Pyżalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Journal of Psychology, 217(4), 182–188.
Einarsen, S. (2000). Harassment and bullying at work: A review of the Scandinavian approach. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 5(4), 379–401.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Notelaers, G. (2009). Measuring exposure to bullying and harassment at work: Validity, factor structure and psychometric properties of the negative acts questionnaire-revised. Work & Stress, 23(1), 24–44.
Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Cooper, C. (2011). Bullying and Harassment in the workplace: Developments in theory, research and practice (2nd ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Escartín, J., Rodríguez-Carballeira, Á., Gómez-Benito, J., & Zapf, D. (2010). Development and validation of the workplace bullying scale EAPA-T. International Journal of Clinical Health & Psychology, 10, 519–539.
Eurostat. (2014). Mobile connection to the internet. Accessed from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Mobile_connection_to_internet on 20 October 2016.
Eurostat. (2016). Social media – statistics on the use by enterprise. Accessed from http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Social_media_-_statistics_on_the_use_by_enterprises on 20 October 2016.
Farley, S. (2015). The measurement and impact of workplace cyberbullying. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Sheffield.
Farley, S., Coyne, I., Sprigg, C., Axtell, C., & Subramanian, G. (2015). Exploring the impact of workplace cyberbullying on trainee doctors. Medical Education, 49, 436–443.
Farley, S., Coyne, I., Axtell, C., & Sprigg, C. (2016). Design, development and validation of a workplace cyberbullying measure, the WCM. Work & Stress, 30(4), 293–317.
Fevre, R., Lewis, D., Robinson, A., & Jones, T. (2012). Trouble at work. London: Bloomsbury.
Fevre, R., Robinson, A., Lewis, D., & Jones, T. (2013). The ill-treatment of employees with disabilities in British workplaces. Work, Employment and Society, 27(2), 288–307.
Ford, D. P. (2013). Virtual harassment: Media characteristics’ role in psychological health. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28, 408–428.
Forssell, R. (2016). Exploring cyberbullying and face-to-face bullying in working life – prevalence, targets and expressions. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 454–460.
Friedman, R. A., & Currall, S. C. (2003). Conflict escalation: Dispute exacerbating elements of email communication. Human Relations, 56, 1325–1347.
Gardner, D., O’Driscoll, M., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Roche, M., Bentley, T., Catley, B., Teo, S. T. T., & Trenberth, L. (2016). Predictors of workplace bullying and cyber-bullying in New Zealand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(5), 448–462.
Gilson, L. L., Maynard, M. T., Young, N. C. J., Vartiainen, M., & Hakonen, M. (2015). Virtual teams research 10 years, 10 themes, and 10 opportunities. Journal of Management, 41(5), 1313–1337.
Gradinger, P., Yanagida, T., Strohmeier, D., & Spiel, C. (2016). Effectiveness and sustainability of the ViSC Social Competence Program to prevent cyberbullying and cyber-victimization: Class and individual level moderators. Aggressive Behavior, 42(2), 181–193.
Hardaker, C. (2010). Trolling in asynchronous computer-mediated communication: From user discussions to academic definitions. Journal of Politeness Research. Language, Behaviour Culture, 6(2), 215–242.
Heatherington, W., & Coyne, I. (2014). Understanding individual experiences of cyberbullying encountered through work. International Journal of Organization Theory and Behavior, 17(2), 163–192.
Hershcovis, M. S. (2011). “Incivility, social undermining, bullying… oh my!”: A call to reconcile constructs within workplace aggression research. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 32, 499–519.
Hershcovis, M. S., & Reich, T. C. (2013). Integrating workplace aggression research: Relational, contextual, and method considerations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(S1), S26–S42.
Hershcovis, S. M., Reich, T. C., & Niven, K. (2015). Workplace bullying: Causes, consequences, and intervention strategies. SIOP white paper series, Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, London.
Hershcovis, M. S., Ogunfowora, B., Reich, T. C., & Christie, A. M. (2017). Targeted workplace incivility: The roles of belongingness, embarrassment, and power. Journal of Organizational Behavior., 38, 1057. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2183.
Hoel, H. (2013). Workplace bullying in the United Kingdom. In The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training (Eds), Workplace bullying and harassment JILPT report (Vol. 12, pp. 61–76). Tokyo: The Japan Institute for Labour Policy and Training.
Hong, J. C., Chien-Hou, L., Hwang, M. Y., Hu, R. P., & Chen, Y. L. (2014). Positive affect predicting worker psychological response to cyber-bullying in the high-tech industry in Northern Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 30, 307–314.
Huang, Y. Y., & Chou, C. (2010). An analysis of multiple factors of cyberbullying among junior high school students in Taiwan. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(6), 1581–1590.
Johns, T., & Gratton, L. (2013). The third wave of virtual work. Harvard Business Review, 91, 66–73.
Karasek, R., & Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy work: Stress, productivity und the reconstruction of working life. New York: Basic Books.
Korczynski, M., & Evans, C. (2013). Customer abuse to service workers: An analysis of its social creation within the service economy. Work, Employment & Society, 27(5), 768–784.
Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30.
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014). Bullying in the digital age: A critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychological Bulletin, 140(4), 1073–1137.
Kowalski, R. M., Toth, A., & Morgan, M. (2017). Bullying and cyberbullying in adulthood and the workplace. The Journal of Social Psychology, 1–18.
Langos, C. (2012). Cyberbullying: The challenge to define. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15(6), 285–289.
Lehdonvirta, V., Hjorth, I., Graham, M., & Barnard, H. (2015) Online labour markets and the persistence of personal networks: Evidence from workers in Southeast Asia. American Sociological Association Conference (pp. 22–25), Chicago.
Leymann, H., & Gustafsson, A. (1996). Mobbing at work and the development of post-traumatic stress disorders. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 251–275.
Li, Q., Smith, P. K., & Cross, D. (2012). Research into cyberbullying. In Q. Li, D. Cross, & P. K. Smith (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground (pp. 3–12). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.
Lutgen-Sandvik, P. (2006). Take this job and…: Quitting and other forms of resistance to workplace bullying. Communication Monographs, 73(4), 406–433.
Mainiero, L. A., & Jones, K. J. (2013). Sexual harassment versus workplace romance: Social media spillover and textual harassment in the workplace. The Academy of Management Perspectives, 27(3), 187–203.
Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., & Camodeca, M. (2013). Morality, values, traditional bullying, and cyberbullying in adolescence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 31, 1–14.
Minor, M. A., Smith, G. S., & Brashen, H. (2013). Cyberbullying in higher education. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 3(1), 15–21.
Mitchell, K. J., Jones, L. M., Turner, H. A., Shattuck, A., & Wolak, J. (2016). The role of technology in peer harassment: Does it amplify harm for youth? Psychology of Violence, 6(2), 193–204.
Mulder, R., Pouwelse, M., Lodewijkx, H., & Bolman, C. (2015). Workplace mobbing and bystanders’ helping behaviour towards victims: The role of gender, perceived responsibility and anticipated stigma by association. International Journal of Psychology, 49(4), 304–312.
Nielsen, M. B., Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2010). The impact of methodological moderators on prevalence rates of workplace bullying. A meta-analysis. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 955–979.
Nielsen, M. B., Hoel, H., Zapf, D., & Einarsen, S. (2015). Exposure to aggression in the workplace. In S. Clarke, T. M. Probst, F. Guldenmund, & J. Passmore (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell handbook of the psychology of occupational safety and workplace health (pp. 205–227). Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
Nielsen, M. B., Tangen, T., Idsoe, T., Matthiesen, S. B., & Magerøy, N. (2015). Post-traumatic stress disorder as a consequence of bullying at work and at school. A literature review and meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 21, 17–24.
Noronha, E., & D’Cruz, P. (2013). Routine resistance: Limits to reclaiming power in the context of depersonalized bullying. In Academy of Management Proceedings (Vol. 2013, No. 1, p. 10346). Academy of Management.
Olweus, D. (2012). Comments on cyberbullying article: A rejoinder. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 559–568.
Olweus, D. (2013). School bullying: Development and some important challenges. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 9, 751–780.
Paull, M., Omari, M., & Standen, P. (2012). When is a bystander not a bystander? A typology of the roles of bystanders in workplace bullying. Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 50, 351–366.
Privitera, C., & Campbell, M. A. (2009). Cyberbullying: The new face of workplace bullying? Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 12, 395–400.
Reich, T. C., & Hershcovis, M. S. (2015). Observing workplace incivility. Journal of Applied Psychology, 100(1), 203–215.
Salin, D. (2003). Ways of explaining workplace bullying: A review of enabling, motivating and precipitating structures and processes in the work environment. Human Relations, 56, 1213–1232.
Salin, D., & Hoel, H. (2013). Workplace bullying as a gendered phenomenon. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(3), 235–251.
Sims, R. L., & Sun, P. (2012). Witnessing workplace bullying and the Chinese manufacturing employee. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 27(1), 9–26.
Skogstad, A., Torsheim, T., Einarsen, S., & Hauge, L. J. (2011). Testing the work environment hypothesis of bullying on a group level of analysis: Psychosocial factors as precursors of observed workplace bullying. Applied Psychology, 60(3), 475–495.
Slonje, R., & Smith, P. K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154.
Slonje, R., Smith, P. K., & Frisén, A. (2013). The nature of cyberbullying, and strategies for prevention. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(1), 26–32.
Smith, P. K. (2012a). Cyberbullying: Challenges and opportunities for a research program – A response to Olweus (2012). European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(5), 553–558.
Smith, P. K. (2012b). Cyberbullying and cyber aggression. In S. R. Jimerson, A. B. Nickerson, M. J. Mayer, & M. J. Furlong (Eds.), Handbook of school violence and school safety: International research and practice. New York: Routledge.
Smith, P. K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S., & Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: Its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385.
Smith, P. K., del Barrio, C., & Tokunaga, R. (2013). Definitions of bullying and cyberbullying: How useful are the terms? In S. Bauman, D. Cross, & J. Walker (Eds.), Principles of cyberbullying research: Definition, measures, and methods (pp. 29–40). Philadelphia: Routledge.
Snyman, R., & Loh, J. M. (2015). Cyberbullying at work: The mediating role of optimism between cyberbullying and job outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 53, 161–168.
Symantec. (2016). Norton study shows online harassment at epidemic proportions for young New Zealand women. Retrieved 27 February 2017, from https://www.symantec.com/en/au/about/newsroom/press-releases/2016/symantec_0720_01
The Telegraph. (2015, September 25). Facebook ‘unfriending’ can constitute workplace bullying, Australian tribunal finds. Retrieved 5 May 2017, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/australiaandthepacific/australia/11890275/Facebook-unfriending-can-constitute-workplace-bullying-Australian-tribunal-finds.html
Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(3), 277–287.
van Geel, M., Goemans, A., Toprak, F., & Vedder, P. (2017). Which personality traits are related to traditional bullying and cyberbullying? A study with the big five, dark triad and sadism. Personality and Individual Differences, 106, 231–235.
Vandebosch, H., & Van Cleemput, K. (2008). Defining cyberbullying: A qualitative research into the perceptions of youngsters. Cyberpsychology & Behavior, 11(4), 499–503.
Vandebosch, H., Simulioniene, R., Marczak, M., Vermeulen, A., & Bonetti, L. (2013). The role of the media. In P. K. Smith & G. Steffgen (Eds.), Cyberbullying through the new media: Findings from an international network (pp. 108–118). London/New York: Psychology Press.
Varjas, K., Talley, J., Meyers, J., Parris, L., & Cutts, H. (2010). High school students’ perceptions of motivations for cyberbullying: An exploratory study. Western Journal of Emergency Medicine, 3, 269–273.
Vranjes, I., Baillien, E., Vandebosch, H., Erreygers, S., & De Witte, H. (2017). The dark side of working online: Towards a definition and an emotion reaction model of workplace cyberbullying. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 324–334.
Wang, J., Iannotti, R. J., & Nansel, T. R. (2009). School bullying among US adolescents: Physical, verbal, relational, and cyber. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 368–375.
West, B., Foster, M., Levin, A., Edmison, J., & Robibero, D. (2014). Cyberbullying at work: In search of effective guidance. Laws, 3, 598–617.
Williams, K. R., & Guerra, N. G. (2007). Prevalence and predictors of internet bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 14–21.
Williford, A., Elledge, L. C., Boulton, A. J., DePaolis, K. J., Little, T. D., & Salmivalli, C. (2013). Effects of the KiVa antibullying program on cyberbullying and cybervictimization frequency among Finnish youth. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 42, 820–833.
Wood, S., Braeken, J., & Niven, K. (2013). Discrimination and well-being in organizations: Testing the differential power and organizational justice theories of workplace aggression. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), 617–634.
Zapf, D., Knorz, C., & Kulla, M. (1996). On the relationship between mobbing factors, and job content, social work environment, and health outcomes. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 5(2), 215–237.
Zapf, D., Escartín, J., Einarsen, S., Hoel, H., & Vartia, M. (2011). Empirical findings on prevalence and risk groups of bullying in the workplace. In S. Einarsen, H. Hoel, D. Zapf, & C. L. Cooper (Eds.), Bullying and emotional abuse in the workplace: International perspectives in research and practice (pp. 75–106). Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Zhang, S., & Leidner, D. (2014). Workplace cyberbullying: The antecedents and consequences. Twentieth Americas Conference on Information Systems, Savannah.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Farley, S., Coyne, I., D’Cruz, P. (2018). Cyberbullying at Work: Understanding the Influence of Technology. In: D'Cruz, P., Noronha, E., Notelaers, G., Rayner, C. (eds) Concepts, Approaches and Methods. Handbooks of Workplace Bullying, Emotional Abuse and Harassment, vol 1. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5334-4_8-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5334-4_8-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-5334-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-5334-4
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences