Abstract
Over the last decades, interest in international educational experiences has increased among students at all levels and in every field of education. Many educational institutes and organizations around the world have acknowledged the need to prepare students for a globalized work environment and actively promote international exchanges. In this chapter, we explore the historical and political contexts which allowed for the development of these exchange programs in different regions of the world, and how these have changed over time. We review several existing exchange programs within the field of mental health which range across the different educational and professional levels. Some of these programs are well-known and large-scaled operations, such as the Erasmus programs, whereas others are successful examples of smaller-scales initiatives independently ran by (associations of) healthcare professionals. We go on to evaluate the impact which the duration of the exchange, language barriers and psychological cultural adaptation phenomena may have on the outcomes of an international experience. Finally, we critically evaluate the limitations and the merits of exchange programs on an individual and societal level, in a contemporary context where local and global mental health are increasingly connected.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adler PS (1975) The transitional experience: an alternative view of culture shock. J Humanistic Psychology 15:13–23
Ballatore M, Ferede MK (2013) The Erasmus program in France, Italy and the United Kingdom: student mobility as a signal of distinction and privilege. Eur Educ Res J 12:525
Barata AN, Rigon S (2015) Family medicine 360°: global exchanges in family medicine. J Family Med Prim Care 4:305–309
Beaven A (2012) An exploration of cross-cultural adaptation in the context of European student mobility. University of Warwick, Unpublished PhD thesis
Casanova Dias M, Pinto da Costa M, Bausch-Becker N (2012) P-1491—EFPT exchange program: a new project towards a global future. Eur Psychiatry 27(S1):1. Available at http://www.europsy-journal.com/article/S0924-9338(12)75658-4/pdf
Casanova Dias M, Orlova M, da Costa MP (2013) EFPT exchange working group. Training abroad? Not so difficult. Lancet Glob Health 1:e136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70062-7
Casanova Dias M, Abbara A, Gilbert R et al (2017) Equipping doctors for Global Health challenges. J R Soc Med 110(1):5–8
Cohen W, Ortega B (2017) Professional growth through international collaboration: the experiences of trainees and faculty. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56:S96–S97
Costigliola V (2011) Mobility of medical doctors in cross-border healthcare. EPMA J 2:333–339
Council of the European Union (2011a) Council conclusions on a benchmark for learning mobility. (2011/C 372/08). Published in the Official Journal of the European Union 20.12.2011. Available at EUR-Lex, CELEX number 52011XG1220(06)
Council of the European Union (2011b) Council recommendation of 28 June 2011 – ‘Youth on the Move’ – promoting the learning mobility of young people (2011/C 199/01). Available at EUR-Lex, CELEX number 32011H0707(01)
Djerejian EP (2007) Changing minds, winning peace. Crossbow Press, West Bethesda, pp 46–49. ISBN 978-0-615-15742-9
Drain PK, Holmes KK, Skeff KM, Hall TL, Gardner P (2009) Global health training and international clinical rotations during residency: current status, needs, and opportunities. Acad Med 84:320–325
Duncan KH, Smart LR, DiPace JI, Peck RN (2017) Global health training among US residency specialties: a systematic literature review. Med Educ Online 22:1270020. https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2016.1270020
Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of the European Union. Erasmus Mundus Masters students selected each academic year, 2004–05 to 2013–14. Available at http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/erasmus_mundus/results_compendia/statistics_en.php
European Commission (EC). ERASMUS+ Statistics. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/programmes/erasmus-plus/about_en#tab-1-3 and http://ec.europa.eu/education/resources/statistics_en
European Commission (EC). Erasmus+ Programme Annual Report 2014. Directorate-General for Education and Culture 2015 rev1. Available at http://ec.europa.eu/education/resources/statistics_en
European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees (EFPT) (2017.) EFPT Exchange program website. Available at http://www.efpt.eu/exchange-programme/. Accessed 7 Dec 2017
European Parliament, Council of the European Union (2005) Directive 2005/36/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 September 2005, on the recognition of professional qualifications. Published in the Official Journal of the European Union, 2005. Available at http://data.europa.eu/eli/dir/2005/36/oj
European Psychiatric Association (EPA). EPA Early Career Psychiatrists Committee. Gaining Experience Programme. Available at http://www.europsy.net/early-career/gaining-experience-programme/
European Union Website. A peaceful Europe – the beginnings of cooperation. Available at https://europa.eu/european-union/about-eu/history/1945-1959. Accessed 7 Dec 2017
General Medical Council (GMC). Development of generic professional capabilities. Available at http://www.gmc-uk.org/education/23581.asp
Gullahorn, Gullahorn (1963) An extension of the U-curve hypothesis. J Social Issues 19:33–47
International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA) (2015) IFMSA Exchanges Profile Book. Issuu, Palo Alto. Available at https://issuu.com/ifmsa/docs/scope_score_profile_book
International Federation of Medical Students Associations (IFMSA) website. http://ifmsa.org/professional-exchanges/. Accessed 7 Dec 2017
Jeffrey J, Dumont RA, Kim GY, Kuo T (2011) Effects of international health electives on medical student learning and career choice: results of a systematic literature review. Fam Med 43:21–28
Katschnig H (2010) Are psychiatrists an endangered species? Observations on internal and external challenges to the profession. World Psychiatry 9:21–28
Kirmayer LJ (2012) Rethinking cultural competence. Transcult Psychiatry 49:149–164
Lee AC, Hall JA, Mandeville KL (2011) Global public health training in the UK: preparing for the future. J Public Health (Oxf) 33:310–316
Lysgaard S (1995) Adjustment in a foreign society: Norwegian Fulbright grantees visiting the United States. International Social Science Bulletin 7:45–51
Monroe-Wise A, Kibore M, Kiarie J, Nduati R, Mburu J, Drake FT, Bremner W, Holmes K, Farquhar C (2014) The clinical education partnership initiative: an innovative approach to global health education. BMC Med Educ 14:1043
Mutchnick IS, Moyer CA, Stern DT (2003) Expanding the boundaries of medical education: evidence for cross-cultural exchanges. Acad Med 78:S1–S5
Oberg K (1954) Culture shock. Bobbs-Merril, Indianapolis. Bobbs-Merrill reprint series in the social sciences, A–329
Oberg K (1960) Cultural shock: adjustment to new cultural environments. Practical Anthropology 7:177–182
Otero MS (2008) The socio-economic background of Erasmus students: a trend towards wider inclusion? Int Rev Educ 54:135–154
Parada HJ (2017) Sharing professional paradigms in two distant cities: Washington and Valparaiso. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 56:S96
Patel V, Prince M (2010) Global mental health: a new global health field comes of age. JAMA 303(19):1976–1977. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432444/
People to People International (PTPI) website. https://www.ptpi.org/About-Us/History. Accessed 7 Dec 2017
Pinto da Costa M, Biskup E, Giurgiuca A, Kaaja J, Kilic Ö, Mogren T, Stoyanova M, Banjac V, Tomori S (2016) European Federation of Psychiatric Trainees. Should I stay or should I go? Mobility and migration among psychiatric trainees in Europe – EFPT brain drain survey. Eur Psychiatry 33:S176
Pinto da Costa M, Giurgiuca A, Holmes K, Biskup E, Mogren T, Tomori S, Kilic O, Banjac V, Molina-Ruiz R, Palumbo C, Frydecka D, Kaaja J, El-Higaya E, Kanellopoulos A, Amit BH, Madissoon D, Andreou E, Uleviciute-Belena I, Rakos I, Dragasek J, Feffer K, Farrugia M, Mitkovic-Voncina M, Gargot T, Baessler F, Pantovic-Stefanovic M, De Picker L (2017) To which countries do European psychiatric trainees want to move to and why? Eur Psychiatry 45:174–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.010
Rigon S, Lygidakis C, Pettigrew L, Kallestrup P (2015 Jul) International exchanges in family medicine: the Hippokrates exchange program. Educ Prim Care 26:282–284
Royal College of Psychiatrists Website. Choose Psychiatry. http://www.rcpsych.ac.uk/discoverpsychiatry/acareerinpsychiatry/choosepsychiatry.aspx. Accessed 7 Dec 2017
Thompson MJ, Huntington MK, Hunt DD, Pinsky LE, Brodie JJ (2003) Educational effects of international health electives on US and Canadian medical students and residents: a literature review. Acad Med 78:342–347
Tsai AC, Fricchione GL, Walensky RP, Ng C, Bangsberg DR, Kerry VB (2014) Global Health training in U.S. graduate psychiatric education. Acad Psychiatry 38:426–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-014-0092-0
Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialistes (UEMS) (2003) Section for Psychiatry/European Board of Psychiatry. Charter on Training of Medical Specialists in the EU. Berlin, 11.10.2003. Available at http://uemspsychiatry.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Chapter6-11.10.03.pdf
United States Congress (1961) Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. Available at https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ope/iegps/fulbrighthaysact.pdf
Walpole SC, Shortall C, van Schalkwyk MCI, Merriel A, Ellis J, Obolensky L, Casanova Dias M, Watson J, Brown CS, Hall J, Pettigrew LM, Allen S (2016) Time to go global: a consultation on global health competencies for postgraduate doctors. Int Health 8:317–323
WONCA Europe (2015) The WORLD book of family medicine – European ed. Stichting WONCA Europe, Ljubljana. ISBN 978–961–281-984-2 (pdf). Available at http://www.woncaeurope.org/sites/default/files/World%20Book%202015.pdf
World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) (2015) WFME global standards for quality improvement in postgraduate medical education (PGME), 2015 Revision. WFME Office, Ferney-Voltaire, France and Copenhagen. Available at http://www.wfme.org/standards/pgme/
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
De Picker, L., Casanova Dias, M., Kjellstenius, A. (2019). The Place of Exchange Programs. In: Hermans, M., Chay-Hoon, T., Pi, E. (eds) Education about Mental Health and Illness. Mental Health and Illness Worldwide. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2350-7_24
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2350-7_24
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2349-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-2350-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences