Skip to main content

Nucleophilic Fluorination of Electron-Deficient Arenes

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Fluorination

Part of the book series: Synthetic Organofluorine Chemistry ((SYOC))

  • 102 Accesses

Introduction

(Hetero)aryl fluorides have found wide applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and materials science, as well as in positron emission tomography (PET) [1,2,3,4]. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of arenes with fluoride salts (SNAr fluorination) is one of the most convenient and economic methods to obtain (hetero)aryl fluorides [5, 6]. Electron-deficient arenes such as aryl chlorides and nitroarenes are the most commonly used substrates, which can readily undergo SNAr fluorination in the absence of transition-metal catalysts (Scheme 1) [7].

Scheme 1
scheme 1

Nucleophilic fluorination of electron-deficient (hetero)arenes

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Uneyama, K. Organofluorine Chemistry; Blackwell: Oxford, 2006.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Purser, S.; Moore, P. R.; Swallow, S.; Gouverneur, V. Fluorine in Medicinal Chemistry. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 320–330.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Ametamey, S. M.; Honer, M.; Schubiger, P. A. Molecular Imaging with PET. Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 1501–1516.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Wang, J.; Sánchez-Roselló, M.; Aceña, J. L.; del Pozo, C.; Sorochinsky, A. E.; Fustero, S.; Soloshonok, V. A.; Liu, H. Fluorine in Pharmaceutical Industry: Fluorine-Containing Drugs Introduced to the Market in the Last Decade (2001–2011). Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 2432–2506.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Champagne, P. A.; Desroches, J.; Hamel, J.-D.; Vandamme, M.; Paquin, J.-F. Monofluorination of Organic Compounds: 10 Years of Innovation. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 9073–9174.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Campbell, M. G.; Ritter, T. Modern Carbon−Fluorine Bond Forming Reactions for Aryl Fluoride Synthesis. Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 612–633.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Adams, D. J.; Clark, J. H. Nucleophilic Routes to Selectively Fluorinated Aromatics. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1999, 28, 225–231; and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Miller, J. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution; Elsevier: Amsterdam, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Williams, A. Concerted Organic and Bio-Organic Mechanisms; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, 1999.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Terrier, F. Modern Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution; Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Smith, M. B. March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure, 8th Ed; John Wiley & Sons: Hoboken, New Jersey, 2020; pp 768–770.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kwan, E. E.; Zeng, Y.; Besser, H. A.; Jacobsen, E. N. Concerted Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitutions. Nat. Chem. 2018, 10, 917–923; and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Clark, J. H. Fluoride Ion as a Base in Organic Synthesis. Chem. Rev. 1980, 80, 429–452.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Clark, J. H.; Macquarrie, D. J. The Synthesis of Organofluorine Compounds Using Potassium Fluoride-Tetraphenylphosphonium Bromide Systems. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 111–114.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Chambers R. D.; Edwards, A. R. Perfluorocarbon Fluids as Solvent Replacements. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. I 1997, 3623–3628.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sasson, Y.; Neguissie, S.; Royz, M.; Mushkin, N. Tetramethylammonium Chloride as a Selective and Robust Phase Transfer Catalyst in a Solid–Liquid Halex Reaction: The Role of Water. Chem. Commun. 1996, 297–298.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ishikawa, N.; Kitazume, T.; Yamazaki, T.; Mochida, Y.; Tatsuno, T. Enhanced Effect of Spray-dried Potassium Fluoride on Fluorination. Chem. Lett. 1981, 761–764.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Smyth, T. P.; Carey, A.; Hodnett, B. K. Inexpensive, Active KF for Nucleophilic Aromatic Displacement Reactions. Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 6363–6376.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Suzuki, H.; Kimura, Y. Synthesis of 3, 4-Difluorobenzonitrile and Monofluorobenzonitriles by Means of Hhalogen-Exchange Fluorination. J. Fluorine Chem. 1991, 52, 341–351.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Yoshida, Y.; Kimura, Y.; Tomoi, M. Tetraphenylphosphonium Salts-Grafted Copolymers as Catalysts for Halogen-Exchange Fluorinations. Chem. Lett. 1990, 19, 769–772.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Allen, L. J.; Lee, S. H.; Cheng, Y.; Hanley, P. S.; Muhuhi, J. M.; Kane, E.; Powers, S. L.; Anderson, J. E.; Bell, B. M.; Roth, G. A.; Sanford, M. S.; Bland, D. C. Developing Efficient Nucleophilic Fluorination Methods and Application to Substituted Picolinate Esters. Org. Process Res. Dev. 2014, 18, 1045–1054.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Liotta, C. L.; Harris, H. P. The Chemistry of “Naked” Anions. I. Reactions of the 18-Crown-6 Complex of Potassium Fluoride with Organic Substrates in Aprotic Organic Solvents. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 2250–2252.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Yoshida, Y.; Kimura, Y. A Convenient Synthesis of Fluorobenzaldehydes by KF/Ph4PBr/18-Crown-6 Reagent System. Chem. Lett. 1988, 17, 1355–1358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Yazawa, N.; Suzuki, H.; Yoshida, Y.; Furusawa, O.; Kimura, Y. Tetraphenylphosphonium Bromide Catalyzed Fluorodenitrations and Fluorodesulfonylations: Efficient Syntheses of m-Fluoroaromatic Compounds. Chem. Lett. 1989, 18, 2213–2216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Suzuki, H.; Yazawa, N.; Furusawa, O.; Kimura, Y. General and Highly Efficient Syntheses of m-Fluoro Arenes Using Potassium Fluoride-Exchange Method. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1990, 63, 2010–2017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Lacour, M.-A.; Zablocka, M.; Duhayon, C.; Majoral, J.-P.; Taillefera, M. Efficient Phosphorus Catalysts for the Halogen-Exchange (Halex) Reaction. Adv. Synth. Catal. 2008, 350, 2677–2682

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Fan, A.; Chuah, G.-K.; Jaenicke, S. Phosphonium Ionic Liquids as Highly Thermal Stable and Efficient Phase Transfer Catalysts for Solid–Liquid Halex Reactions. Catal. Today 2012, 198, 300–304.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sun, H.; DiMagno, S. G. Anhydrous Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 2050–2051.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Schimler, S. D.; Ryan, S. J.; Bland, D. C.; Anderson, J. E.; Sanford, M. S. Anhydrous Tetramethylammonium Fluoride for Room-Temperature SNAr Fluorination. J. Org. Chem. 2015, 80, 12137–12145.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Cismesia, M. A.; Ryan, S. J.; Bland, D. C.; Sanford, M. S. Multiple Approaches to the In Situ Generation of Anhydrous Tetraalkylammonium Fluoride Salts for SNAr Fluorination Reactions. J. Org. Chem. 2017, 82, 5020–5026.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Sun, H.; DiMagno, S. G. Room-Temperature Nucleophilic Aromatic Fluorination: Experimental and Theoretical Studies. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 2720–2725.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Allen, L. J.; Muhuhi, J. M.; Bland, D. C.; Merzel, R.; Sanford, M. S. Mild Fluorination of Chloropyridines with in Situ Generated Anhydrous Tetrabutylammonium Fluoride. J. Org. Chem. 2014, 79, 5827–5833.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Christe, K. O.; Wilson, W. W.; Wilson, R. D.; Bau. R.; Feng, J. A. Syntheses, Properties, and Structures of Anhydrous Tetramethylammonium Fluoride and Its 1:1 Adduct with trans-3-Amino-2-butenenitrile. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 21, 7619–7625.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Candish, L.; Forsyth, C. M.; Lupton, D. W. N-tert-Butyl Triazolylidenes: Catalysts for the Enantioselective (3+2) Annulation of α,β-Unsaturated Acyl Azoliums. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2013, 52, 9149–9152; and references therein.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ryan, S. J.; Schimler, S. D.; Bland, D. C.; Sanford, M. S. Acyl Azolium Fluorides for Room Temperature Nucleophilic Aromatic Fluorination of Chloro- and Nitroarenes. Org. Lett. 2015, 17, 1866–1869.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jinbo Hu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Xing, B., Ni, C., Hu, J. (2020). Nucleophilic Fluorination of Electron-Deficient Arenes. In: Hu, J., Umemoto, T. (eds) Fluorination. Synthetic Organofluorine Chemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1855-8_60-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1855-8_60-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-1855-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-1855-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Chemistry and Mat. ScienceReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

Publish with us

Policies and ethics