Skip to main content

Today’s Internet for Tomorrow’s Cities: On Algorithmic Culture and Urban Imaginaries

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

In cities, when combined with ubiquitous mobile media and location-based services, algorithmic culture has been seen to exacerbate the problem of software-sorted geographies, that is, a conjunction of code and space that algorithmically “orchestrates inequalities through technological systems embedded within urban environments” (Graham 2005, p. 562). The mediated geographies served to us via locative devices and urban media might, for instance, show us only the city an algorithm assumes we want to see.

This chapter examines some of the touch points between the software-sorted city and its citizens, looking at both sides: On the one hand, algorithmic curation and selection render automated variations of the city. On the other hand, there are opportunities to explore, tinkering with algorithmic culture to bring about a diversity dividend and increased innovation capacity in cities. In order to do so, cities must provide appropriate interfaces. Such urban computing, urban informatics, and urban media interfaces include location-based applications on mobile phones used in the city as well as urban screens, public displays, and forms of media architecture, such as interactive media façades and installations.

The chapter is structured in three parts. It first offers a critical review of the relationship between the internet and the city and in doing so, it outlines the basic premises of big data analytics and algorithms in the context of urban informatics that have given rise to the new field of urban science. It then turns to the socio-cultural implications and issues arising from algorithmic culture. In the third section, we discuss urban imaginaries and novel ways that some of the software tools underpinning algorithmic culture in the here and now can also give rise to new practices of imagining the future city.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   449.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • ActionStation (2016) Retrieved 19 Sept 2017, from http://www.actionstation.org.nz/about

  • Aiello LM, Barrat A, Schifanella R, Cattuto C, Markines B, Menczer F (2012) Friendship prediction and homophily in social media. ACM Trans Web 6(2):1–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albright J (2011) Did Twitter censor Occupy Wall Street. The Conversation 12 Oct 2011. Retrieved from https://theconversation.com/did-twitter-censor-occupy-wall-street-3822

  • Altintas I, Gupta A (2016) Introduction to Big Data. Retrieved 7 Apr 2017, from https://www.coursera.org/learn/big-data-introduction

  • Andris C, Lee D, Hamilton MJ, Martino M, Gunning CE, Selden JA (2015) The rise of partisanship and super-cooperators in the U.S. House of Representatives. PLoS One 10(4):e0123507

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ball L (2009) Cholera and the pump on Broad Street: the life and legacy of John Snow. Hist Teach 43(1):105–119

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty M (1976) Urban modelling: algorithms, calibrations, predictions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Batty M (2013a) The new science of cities. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Batty M (2013b) Urban informatics and Big Data. ESRC Cities Expert Group. Retrieved from http://www.spatialcomplexity.info/files/2015/07/Urban-Informatics-and-Big-Data.pdf

  • Bays J, Callanan L (2012) Emerging trends in urban informatics. McKinsey on Society. Retrieved from http://mckinseyonsociety.com/downloads/reports/Social-Innovation/Emerging-trends-in-urban-informatics.pdf

  • Benoiston de Châteauneuf LF, Chevallier JB, Devaux L, Millot L, Parent-Duchâtelet A, Petit de Maurienne A, … Villot M (1834) Rapport sur la marche et les effets du choléra-morbus dans Paris et les communes rurales du département de la Seine. Imprimerie Royale, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd D, Crawford K (2012) Critical questions for Big Data: provocations for a cultural, technological, and scholarly phenomenon. Inf Commun Soc 15(5):662–679

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown B, Bleecker J, D’Adamo M, Ferreira P, Formo J, Glöss M, … Ydholm M (2016) The IKEA Catalogue: design fiction in academic and industrial collaborations. In: Proceedings of the 19th international conference on supporting Group Work (GROUP ’16). ACM, New York, NY, USA, 335–344. https://doi.org/10.1145/2957276.2957298

  • Burrows R, Savage M (2014) After the crisis? Big Data and the methodological challenges of empirical sociology. Big Data Soc 1(1):2053951714540280

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Byrne J, Osborne N (2016) Urban hacktivism: getting creative about involving citizens in city planning. The Conversation, Retrieved 20 July 2017, from http://theconversation.com/urban-hacktivism-getting-creative-about-involving-citizens-in-city-planning-62277

  • Cairncross F (1997) The death of distance: how the communications revolution will change our lives. Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinar A, Bender T (2007) Urban imaginaries: locating the modern city. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Coletta C, Kitchin R (2017) Algorhythmic governance: Regulating the “heartbeat” of a city using the Internet of Things. Big Data & Society, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717742418

  • Commentary (2015, February 27) The ethical blindness of algorithms. Retrieved 20 Sept 2017, from https://qz.com/343750/the-ethical-blindness-of-algorithms/

  • Craven E (2015) Story City. Retrieved 18 Sept 2017, from http://www.storycity.com.au/about/our-social-philosophy/

  • de Waal M (2014) The city as interface: how new media are changing the city. NAi010 Publisher, Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Diakopoulos N (2014) Algorithmic accountability reporting: on the investigation of black boxes. Tow Center for Digital Journalism, Columbia University, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Dourish P (2016) Algorithms and their others: algorithmic culture in context. Big Data Soc 3(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951716665128

  • Duarte F, Firmino R, Crestani A (2015) Urban phantasmagorias: cinema and the immanent future of cities. Space Cult 18(2):132–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duranton G, Puga D (2000) Diversity and specialisation in cities: why, where and when does it matter? Urban Stud 37(3):533–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dvir-Gvirsman S (2017) Media audience homophily: Partisan websites, audience identity and polarization processes. New Media & Society, 19(7), 1072–1091. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815625945

  • Estrada-Grajales C, Foth M, Mitchell P (2018) Urban imaginaries of co-creating the city: local activism meets citizen peer-production. J Peer Prod 11. http://peerproduction.net/issues/issue-11-city/peer-reviewed-papers/urban-imaginaries-of-co-creating-the-city/

  • Finn E (2017) What algorithms want: imagination in the age of computing. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Foo B (2012) Cities of you. Retrieved 18 Sept 2017, from http://citiesofyou.com/

  • Foresman TW (1998) The history of geographic information systems: perspectives from the pioneers. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River

    Google Scholar 

  • Foth M (ed) (2009) Handbook of research on urban informatics: the practice and promise of the real-time city. Hershey, PA: IGI Global. ISBN 978-1-60566-152-0

    Google Scholar 

  • Foth M, Choi H-J, Satchell C (2011a) Urban informatics. In: Proceedings CSCW ’11. ACM, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Foth M, Satchell C, Bilandzic M, Hearn G, Shelton D (2011b) Dramatic character development personas to tailor apartment designs for different residential lifestyles. In: Foth M, Forlano L, Satchell C, Gibbs M (eds) From social butterfly to engaged citizen: urban informatics, social media, ubiquitous computing, and mobile technology to support citizen engagement. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 461–484

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Foth M, Schroeter R, Anastasiu I (2011c) Fixing the city one photo at a time: mobile logging of maintenance requests. In: Proceedings of the 23rd Australian computer-human interaction conference. ACM, New York, pp 126–129

    Google Scholar 

  • Foth M, Brynskov M, Ojala T (eds) (2015) Citizen’s right to the digital city: urban interfaces, activism, and placemaking. Springer, Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Foth M, Hudson-Smith A, Gifford D (2016) Smart cities, social capital, and citizens at play: a critique and a way forward. In: Olleros FX, Zhegu M (eds) Research handbook on digital transformations. Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, pp 203–221

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fredericks J, Caldwell GA, Tomitsch M (2016) Middle-out design: collaborative community engagement in urban HCI. In: Proceedings of the 28th Australian conference on computer-human interaction. New York, NY, pp 200–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Galloway AR (2006) Gaming: essays on algorithmic culture. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis

    Google Scholar 

  • Gillespie T (2011) Can an algorithm be wrong? Twitter trends, the specter of censorship, and our faith in the algorithms around us. Culture Digitally. Retrieved from https://socialmediacollective.org/2011/10/19/can-an-algorithm-be-wrong/

  • Gillespie T (2012) The relevance of algorithms. In: Gillespie T, Boczkowski P, Foot K (eds) Media technologies: essays on communication, materiality, and society. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp 167–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Gleeson B (2014) The urban condition. Routledge, London

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Goodchild MF (2007) Citizens as sensors: the world of volunteered geography. GeoJournal 69(4):211–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodspeed R (2016) The death and life of collaborative planning theory. Urban Plan 1(4):1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon E, de Souza e Silva A (2011) Net locality: why location matters in a networked world. Wiley, Chichester

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Graham S (2005) Software-sorted geographies. Prog Hum Geogr 29(5):562–580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham S, Marvin S (1996) Telecommunications and the city: electronic spaces, urban places. Routledge, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham M, Shelton T (2013) Geography and the future of big data, big data and the future of geography. Dialogues Hum Geogr 3(3):255–261

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurstein M (2007) What is community informatics (and why does it matter)? Polimetrica, Milan

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardey M (2007) The city in the age of Web 2.0: a new synergistic relationship between place and people. Inf Commun Soc 10(6):867–884

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey D (2003) The right to the city. Int J Urban Reg Res 27(4):939–941

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hearn G, Mandeville T, Anthony D (1999) The communication superhighway: social and economic change in the digital age. Allen & Unwin, Sydney

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemment D, Townsend A (eds) (2013) Smart citizens. FutureEverything, Manchester

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilbert M (2016) Big Data for development: a review of promises and challenges. Dev Policy Rev 34(1):135–174

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huyssen A (2008) Other cities, other worlds: urban imaginaries in a globalizing age. Duke University Press, Durham

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Iveson K (2013) Cities within the city: do-it-yourself urbanism and the right to the city. Int J Urban Reg Res 37(3):941–956

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs J (1969) The economy of cities. Vintage Books, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • James A (2009, April 13) AmazonFail: an inside look at what happened. Retrieved 7 Apr 2017, from http://blog.seattlepi.com/amazon/2009/04/13/amazonfail-an-inside-look-at-what-happened/

  • Jenkins H (2006) Fans, bloggers, and gamers: exploring participatory culture. New York University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelley MJ (2013) The emergent urban imaginaries of geosocial media. GeoJournal 78(1):181–203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly G, McCabe H (2007) Interactive city generation methods. In: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 posters. ACM, New York. https://doi.org/10.1145/1280720.1280829

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin R (2015) Data-driven, networked urbanism. SSRN Electron J. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2641802

  • Kitchin R (2016) The ethics of smart cities and urban science. Philos Transact A Math Phys Eng Sci 374(2083). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0115

  • Kitchin R (2017a) Thinking critically about and researching algorithms. Inf Commun Soc 20(1):14–29

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kitchin R (2017b) Urban Science: A Short Primer. SocArXiv. February 1. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/sdsu2

  • Laney D (2001) 3D data management: controlling data volume, velocity and variety. META Group research note

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre H (1968) Le droit à la ville, 2nd edn. Anthropos, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre H (1970) La révolution urbaine, vol 216. Gallimard, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  • Leszczynski A (2015) Spatial media/tion. Prog Hum Geogr 39(6):729–751. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132514558443

  • Leszczynski A (2016) Speculative futures: cities, data, and governance beyond smart urbanism. Environ Plan A 48(9):1691–1708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lotan G (2014) Israel, Gaza, War & Data: social networks and the art of personalizing propaganda. Retrieved from https://medium.com/i-data/israel-gaza-war-data-a54969aeb23e

  • Manguel A, Guadalupi G (1999) The dictionary of imaginary places. Bloomsbury, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Matejskova T, Leitner H (2011) Urban encounters with difference: the contact hypothesis and immigrant integration projects in eastern Berlin. Soc Cult Geogr 12(7):717–741

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattern S (2017) A city is not a computer. Places J. Retrieved from https://placesjournal.org/article/a-city-is-not-a-computer/

  • Mauro AD, Greco M, Grimaldi M (2016) A formal definition of Big Data based on its essential features. Libr Rev 65(3):122–135. Great Britain. Forestry Commission

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayer-Schönberger V, Cukier K (2013) Big Data: a revolution that will transform how we live, work, and think. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • McQuire S (2016) Geomedia: networked cities and the future of public space. Wiley/Polity, Hoboken/Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell WJ (1995) City of bits: space, place, and the infobahn. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell P, Highfield T (2017) Mediated geographies of everyday life: navigating the ambient, augmented and algorithmic geographies of geomedia. Ctrl-Z New Media Philos 7. http://www.ctrl-z.net.au/journal/?slug=mitchell-highfield-mediated-geographies-of-everyday-life

  • Monmonier MS (2015) The history of cartography. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Odendaal N (2006) Towards the digital city in South Africa: issues and constraints. J Urban Technol 13(3):29–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ottaviano GIP, Peri G (2006) The economic value of cultural diversity: evidence from US cities. J Econ Geogr 6(1):9–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pariser E (2011) The filter bubble: what the Internet is hiding from you. Penguin Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Park R (1967) On social control and collective behavior. University of Chicago Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Press G (2013, May 9) A very short history of big data. Forbes Tech Magazine

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabari C, Storper M (2015) The digital skin of cities: urban theory and research in the age of the sensored and metered city, ubiquitous computing and big data. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 8(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsu021

  • Sassen S (1996) Whose city is it? Globalization and the formation of new claims. Publ Cult 8(2):205–223

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sassen S (2015, November 24) Who owns our cities – and why this urban takeover should concern us all. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/nov/24/who-owns-our-cities-and-why-this-urban-takeover-should-concern-us-all

  • Shaw J, Graham M (2017) An informational right to the city? Code, content, control, and the urbanization of information. Antipode. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12312

  • Silva A (2006) Imaginarios urbanos. Arango, Bogotá

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva A (2012) Urban imaginaries from Latin America. Documenta II. An Inst Invest Estéticas 28(88):260–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Söderström O, Paasche T, Klauser F (2014) Smart cities as corporate storytelling. Cityscape 18(3):307–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Striphas T (2015) Algorithmic culture. Eur J Cult Stud 18(4–5):395–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor C (2004) Modern Social Imaginaries. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thrift N (2014) The promise of urban informatics: some speculations. Environ Plan A 46(6):1263–1266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tomlinson RF (1969) A geographic information system for regional planning. J Geogr (Chigaku Zasshi) 78(1):45–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend A (2013) Smart cities: big data, civic hackers, and the quest for a new utopia, W.W. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Townsend A (2015) Making sense of the new science of cities. Data & Society Research Institute. Retrieved from http://www.citiesofdata.org/making-sense-of-the-science-of-cities/

  • Valentine G (2008) Living with difference: reflections on geographies of encounter. Prog Hum Geogr 32(3):323–337

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Hulst M (2012) Storytelling, a model of and a model for planning. Plan Theory 11(3):299–318

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westwood S (1997) Imagining cities: scripts, signs, memory. Psychology Press, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Widmer S (2016) Experiencing a personalised augmented reality: users of Foursquare in urban space. In: Amoore L, Piotukh V (eds) Algorithmic life: calculative devices in the age of big data. Routledge, London, pp 57–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams A, Robles E, Dourish P (2009) Urbane-ing the city: examining and refining the assumptions behind urban informatics. pp 1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood P, Landry C (2008) The intercultural city: planning for diversity advantage. Earthscan, London

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marcus Foth .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature B.V.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Foth, M., Mitchell, P., Estrada-Grajales, C. (2020). Today’s Internet for Tomorrow’s Cities: On Algorithmic Culture and Urban Imaginaries. In: Hunsinger, J., Allen, M., Klastrup, L. (eds) Second International Handbook of Internet Research. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1555-1_23

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics