How higher education is funded and who pays for higher education lie at the core of any higher education system. Perhaps of all aspects of higher education, this has become the most politicized, emotive, and contested. Across the globe, changes or proposed reforms in funding and student finances have led to the downfall of governments and mass student protests.
Since the 1960s higher education systems globally have expanded rapidly. How this expansion is funded and who bears the costs are paramount to the long-term financial sustainability of higher education. Both the growing number and size of higher education institutions alongside the increasing proportion of young people participating in higher education have contributed to rising costs and questions about who should pay for them. As Martin Trow presciently observed in the early 1970s before widespread massification, “In every advanced society the problems of higher education are problems associated with growth (1973, p. 1). Trow...
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Callender, C. (2017). High Participation in Higher Education, Implications for Funding. In: Shin, J., Teixeira, P. (eds) Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_59-1
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