Introduction
- 1.
To develop any line of thought on the importance that bureaucratic and political participations have on systems of higher education, light needs to be shed on some of the basic characteristics which differentiate the various systems right from their beginnings.
First of all, it must be remembered how in the modern period the external power the universities relate to is the nation-state. A Continental European model can be identified, where the nation-state has become the main partner of the universities, following the reforms brought in by the Napoleonic system and the German model proposed by Wilhelm von Humboldt. This runs side by side with an Anglo-Saxon model in the UK and the USA where the state’s role has always been far more marginal. In greater detail, the European model has led to universities becoming the legal property of the state, in moves to ensure the priority of national interests and protect them by setting up a regulated legally defined area around the...
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Marra, A., Moscati, R. (2018). Bureaucracies and Ministries, Higher Education. In: Encyclopedia of International Higher Education Systems and Institutions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_146-1
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