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Biomarkers in Kidney Disease pp 895–910Cite as

miR-210 as a Biomarker in Renal Carcinoma

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Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common urological neoplasm of the kidney in adults. The worldwide incidence and mortality rate is in the order of 270,000 cases and 120,000 deaths, respectively. Despite the fact that the diagnostic modalities and therapeutic techniques for RCC continue to improve, the overall incidence and mortality of RCC has increased in the last 20 years. The 5-year survival rate is approximately 98 % for stage I disease and approximately 50 % for stage III or higher disease. These data underscore the importance of early detection and adequate prediction of prognosis of RCC.

However, both early detection and adequate prediction are often difficult in the clinical setting. Renal tumor in the early stage is often asymptomatic and non-palpable, and it is impossible to correctly distinguish between RCC and BRT, even with the full use of diagnostic modalities such as imaging examinations, and determination of the adequate frequency of radiological imaging examinations as a screen for tumor recurrence is confusing. These problems are caused by the lack of an accurate biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis in RCC.

Recent studies suggest that tissue microRNAs (miRNAs), which are non-protein-coding small RNAs, are involved in carcinogenesis and cancer progression. Further studies suggest that microRNAs are highly stable and abundant in the serum, urine, and other body fluids. Therefore, both tissue miRNAs and circulating miRNAs might be good biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic considerations in a variety of cancers.

Of all the miRNAs, miR-210, a well-known hypoxia-inducible miRNA, is one of the best studied miRNA in various cancers. Some research groups have reported that miR-210 was induced under hypoxic conditions via hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) in various cancer cell lines. In the case of RCC, it is well known that HIF1α and HIF2α accumulate in clear cell carcinoma (ccRCC), which is the largest subtype of RCC, as a result of the deficiency of the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene. Therefore, a number of research groups have attempted to determine the relationship between miR-210 expression and the VHL-HIF pathway and to use miR-210 as a new biomarker in ccRCC.

Regarding the possibility of using miR-210 as a diagnostic biomarker in RCC, two studies have reported that serum miR-210 expression was significantly higher in ccRCC patients than in healthy controls. These studies found no significant correlation between serum miR-210 levels and clinicopathological parameters of ccRCC patients. However, there has been no report regarding the utility of urine miR-210 as a diagnostic biomarker in RCC, and there has been no study of the difference between miR-210 expression levels of RCC and benign renal tumor.

Regarding the use of miR-210 as a prognostic biomarker in RCC, some studies have demonstrated that high miR-210 expression in ccRCC tissue was statistically related to poor prognosis. On the other hand, several other studies have demonstrated precisely the opposite results regarding miR-210 levels and prognosis. Thus, there is no consensus regarding the utility of miR-210 as a prognostic biomarker. Further studies with a larger number of patients are warranted to validate these results.

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Abbreviations

BRT:

Benign renal tumor

CAIX:

Carbonic anhydrase IX

ccRCC:

Clear cell carcinoma

chRCC:

Chromophobe RCC

DFS:

Disease-free survival

HCs:

Healthy controls

HIFs:

Hypoxia-inducible factors

ISCU1/2:

Iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein

MIBC:

Muscle-invasive bladder cancer

miRNAs:

MicroRNAs

NMIBC:

Non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer

OS:

Overall survival

pRCC:

Papillary RCC

RCC:

Renal cell carcinoma

VHL:

Von Hippel-Lindau

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pathological Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan

    Mitsuhiko Osaki & Futoshi Okada

  2. Division of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, 86 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori, 683-8503, Japan

    Hideto Iwamoto, Masashi Honda, Takehiro Sejima & Atsushi Takenaka

Authors
  1. Hideto Iwamoto
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  2. Mitsuhiko Osaki
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  3. Masashi Honda
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  4. Takehiro Sejima
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  5. Atsushi Takenaka
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  6. Futoshi Okada
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mitsuhiko Osaki .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DeptofBiomedlSci,FacltyofSci&Technology, University of Westminster , London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics,Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Iwamoto, H., Osaki, M., Honda, M., Sejima, T., Takenaka, A., Okada, F. (2016). miR-210 as a Biomarker in Renal Carcinoma. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Kidney Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7699-9_30

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