Abstract
Risk stratification of patients with chronic kidney disease is crucial for early identification of patients at risk of disease progression and for timely initiation of treatments to prevent progression and the associated cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Proteinuria and its components have been widely used for diagnosis and staging system of chronic kidney diseases. Albuminuria is used for diagnosis of kidney disease in the general population and kidney involvement in systemic diseases such as diabetes. However, albuminuria is not the most powerful predictor of disease outcome, and the urinary excretion of proteins larger than albumin such as IgM and IgG shows a higher predictive value: IgM-uria could be helpful for kidney and cardiovascular risk assessment of diabetic patients, and IgG-uria could be helpful for risk assessment of glomerulonephritis patients. This chapter presents a concise review of the clinical value of proteinuria profile for prediction of functional outcome and responsiveness to treatments in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Keywords
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- ACEi:
-
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- α2m/C:
-
α2-macroglobulin/urinary creatinine ratio
- Albumin/C:
-
Urinary albumin/urinary creatinine ratio
- ANCA:
-
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody
- Anti-PLA2R:
-
Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor antibody
- α1m:
-
α1-microglobulin
- β2m:
-
β2-microglobulin
- β-NAG:
-
N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase
- CKD:
-
Chronic kidney disease
- CSA:
-
Cyclosporine A
- CYC:
-
Cyclophosphamide
- CV:
-
Cardiovascular
- DM:
-
Diabetes mellitus
- DKD:
-
Diabetic kidney disease
- eGFR:
-
Estimated glomerular filtration rate
- ESKD:
-
End-stage kidney disease
- FE:
-
Fractional excretion
- FE α1m:
-
Fractional excretion of α1-microglobulin
- FE IgG:
-
Fractional excretion of immunoglobulin G
- FSGS:
-
Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis
- GBM:
-
Glomerular basement membrane
- GCW:
-
Glomerular capillary wall
- GFB:
-
Glomerular filtration barrier
- GGS:
-
Global glomerular sclerosis
- GN:
-
Glomerulonephritis
- HR:
-
Hazard ratio
- hsCRP:
-
High-sensitive C-reactive protein
- IgA:
-
Immunoglobulin A
- IgAN:
-
IgA nephropathy
- IgG:
-
Immunoglobulin G
- IgM:
-
Immunoglobulin M
- IMN:
-
Idiopathic membranous nephropathy
- MCD:
-
Minimal change disease
- MPGN:
-
Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
- MW:
-
Molecular weight
- NS:
-
Nephrotic syndrome
- PTECs:
-
Proximal tubular epithelial cells
- RAS:
-
Renin-angiotensin system
- ROC analysis:
-
Receiver-operating characteristic analysis
- RTX:
-
Rituximab
- sCr:
-
Serum creatinine
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SG:
-
Surviving glomeruli: glomeruli without global sclerosis
- SI:
-
IgG/transferrin selectivity index
- TID:
-
Tubulointerstitial damage
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor β
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Bazzi, C., Bakoush, O. (2016). Proteinuric Biomarkers in Chronic Kidney Disease. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Kidney Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7699-9_23
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