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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications pp 457–481Cite as

Biomarkers in Neonatology

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Abstract

The rapid increase in knowledge on basic biological research together with the development of high-technology diagnostic systems significantly contributes to gains expectancy in neonatal life. However, new efforts should be done in reducing time for translational research. The outcome of critically ill newborns such as septic newborns or newborns with acute kidney injury may be substantially improved by the routine use of novel biomarkers; they should demonstrate a rapid sustained increase to allow early detection of the acute disease within the critical time window. Additional critical factors should be the amount of release proportional to disease extent and the speed of assay. Three main factors must be carefully taken into account before addressing clinical significance to a biomarker: (a) the aim to be achieved by using a biomarker in clinical practice, (b) the nature of the disease or disorder, and (c) the population. No hypothesis about the effectiveness of a test can be formulated without knowing its purpose or objective since purpose is inherent in the formal definition of the effectiveness of a healthcare intervention. There is the need to introduce a new generation of biomarkers in clinical practice also for developing and commercializing new low-cost medical devices, easily usable in low-income countries. Proteomic approaches move a step beyond genomic studies and screen the actual proteins and peptides present in a sample. Metabolomics has several strengths compared with other “omics”; one of the most important strengths is that data acquisition does not require a priori knowledge on metabolites involved in any pathological condition: thus, data analysis may lead to the discovery of markers that were not previously considered. In the near future, advances in knowledge and technologies will lead to a revolution in healthcare, integrating several sets of data in a single patient related with the severity and the prognosis of diseases. In this scenario, characterized by the clinical application of system biology, proteomics and metabolomics will play a major role, improving neonatal care and survival of critically ill babies.

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Abbreviations

1H NMR:

Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

AAP:

Alanine Aminopeptidase

AKD:

Acute Kidney Disease and Disorder

AKI:

Acute Kidney Injury

ALP:

Alkaline Phosphatase

ATN:

Acute Tubular Necrosis

BPI:

Bactericidal/Permeability-Increasing Protein

CE:

Capillary Electrophoresis

CETP:

Cholesteryl Ester-Binding Protein

CKD:

Chronic Kidney Disease

CRP:

C-Reactive Protein

CYR61:

Cysteine-Rich Protein 61

DRF:

Differential Renal Function

ELBW:

Extremely Low Birth Weight

EMA:

European Medicines Agency

EOS:

Early-Onset Sepsis

FDA:

US Food and Drug Administration

GA:

Gestational Age

GC:

Gas Chromatography

GFR:

Glomerular Filtration Rate

GPI:

Glycosylphosphatidylinositol

HN:

Hydronephrosis

HNL:

Human Neutrophil Lipocalin

IFABP:

Intestinal- and Liver-Specific Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins

IUGR:

Intrauterine Growth Restriction

KDIGO:

Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes

KIM-1:

Kidney Injury Molecule 1

LBP:

Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein

LBW:

Low Birth Weight

LC:

Liquid Chromatography

LMW:

Low Molecular Weight

LOS:

Late-Onset Sepsis

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharides

MALDI-TOF:

Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization Time-of-Flight

MAMPs:

Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns

MS:

Mass Spectrometry

NAG:

N-Acetyl-β-d-Glucosaminidase

NEC:

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

NGAL:

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin

NICU:

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

PAF:

Platelet-Activating Factor

PCT:

Procalcitonin

PLS-DA:

Projection to Latent Structures for Discriminant Analysis

PLTP:

Phospholipid Transfer Protein

PSTC:

Predictive Safety Testing Consortium

RDS:

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

ROC:

Receiver Operating Characteristic

sCD14-ST:

Soluble CD14 Subtype, Presepsin

SELDI-TOF:

Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption and Ionization Time-of-Flight

SGA:

Small for Gestational Age

UPJO:

Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

VLBW:

Very Low Birth Weight

γGT:

γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory Medicine Service, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, University-Hospital, Largo Rosanna Benzi, 10, 16132, Genoa, Italy

    Michele Mussap

  2. Department of Pediatrics and Clinical Medicine, Section of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericutura Institute and Neonatal Section, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

    Vassilios Fanos

Authors
  1. Michele Mussap
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  2. Vassilios Fanos
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Correspondence to Michele Mussap .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Mussap, M., Fanos, V. (2015). Biomarkers in Neonatology. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_46

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