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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications pp 637–658Cite as

Biomarkers After Pediatric Heart Surgery

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Abstract

Pediatric heart surgery causes extensive neurological and myocardial injury and important inflammatory consequences. Adult survivors of CHD display late consequences of pediatric heart surgery. From a socioeconomical standpoint, congenital heart defects still have a significant impact on morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. In particular, neonates (0–30 days) have the highest mortality rate of 10.2 % compared to all other age groups. The most common cause of infant death in relation to birth defects is congenital cardiovascular defects, accounting for 24 %. Children with congenital heart disease are a growing group in the current era that require advanced monitoring. Novel biomarkers can predict adverse long-term outcomes and guide management of critically ill patients. Children with congenital heart disease surely require advanced critical care and close monitoring after surgery, yet to a large extent, important indicators of clinical outcome such as biomarkers are not utilized in their care. Translational research can elucidate the utility of individual and interacting biomarkers after pediatric heart surgery. In addition to the traditionally studied biomarkers, novel biomarkers can help the clinician to identify children at high risk following pediatric heart surgery. Carefully designed studies can then compare biomarkers levels for comparison of pulsatile vs. non-pulsatile CPB and other neuro- or myocardial protective strategies. We need long-term follow-up studies to determine the relationship between novel biomarkers and neurological and cardiovascular outcomes after pediatric heart surgery.

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Abbreviations

AKI:

Acute Kidney Injury

CHD:

Congenital Heart Disease

CK-BB:

Creatine Kinase Brain Band

CK-MB:

Creatine Kinase-MB

CNS:

Central Nervous System

CPB:

Cardiopulmonary Bypass

CRP:

C-reactive Protein

FABP:

Fatty Acid-Binding Protein (Heart Type)

GFAP:

Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein

GFR:

Glomerular Filtration Rate

HIE:

Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy

ICH:

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

IL:

Interleukins

KIM1:

Kidney Injury Molecule 1

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NAG:

N-acetyl-beta- d-glucosaminidase

NGAL:

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin

NSE:

Neuron-Specific Enolase

PAI-1:

Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1

PAPP-A:

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A

pNF-H:

Phosphorylated Axonal Neurofilament Heavy Chain

ROS:

Reactive Oxygen Species

TNF:

Tumor Necrosis Factor

TOF:

Tetralogy of Fallot

t-PA:

Tissue Plasminogen Activator

UHCL1:

Ubiquitin C-terminal Hydrolase 1

VSD:

Ventricular Septal Defect

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Marmara University Medical Center, Haydarpasa, Kadikoy, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mehmet Ağirbaşli

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 599 Taylor Road, Room 311, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA

    Jeffrey D. Zahn

  3. Department of Pediatrics, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, H085, 500 University Drive, 850, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA

    Akif Ündar

  4. Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, H085, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA

    Akif Ündar

  5. Department of Bioengineering, Penn State Hershey Pediatric Cardiovascular Research Center, Penn State College of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Children’s Hospital, H085, 500 University Drive, P.O. Box 850, Hershey, PA, 17033-0850, USA

    Akif Ündar

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  1. Mehmet Ağirbaşli
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  2. Jeffrey D. Zahn
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  3. Akif Ündar
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Correspondence to Akif Ündar .

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  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Ağirbaşli, M., Zahn, J.D., Ündar, A. (2015). Biomarkers After Pediatric Heart Surgery. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_30

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