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Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Current Concerns and Future Prospects

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

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Abstract

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous syndrome that encompasses a variety of obstructive diseases that differ in terms of the mechanisms and the response to therapy. Accordingly, it seems crucial to identify the distinct disease phenotypes within the range of this syndrome. In recent years there has been a growing interest in the field of biomarkers in COPD. Biomarkers may be local (i.e., measured in induced sputum or exhaled air) or systemic (i.e., measured in serum, plasma, or urine). Several studies are now available on exhaled biomarkers, but data with possible clinical implications are limited, in contrast to the widely used biomarkers of eosinophilic inflammation in asthma. Intense research has evaluated the possible role of systemic biomarkers in the assessment and management of patients with COPD. Data from large cohorts, including the ECLIPSE study, provide information on the association of biomarkers with clinically important parameters, including functional assessments, exacerbations, and mortality. This chapter provides a comprehensive summary of current evidence on exhaled and systemic biomarkers in COPD. The ideal approach is not to measure any single biomarker in order to detect elevated or decreased levels but to try to identify the particular phenotype that is related to the specific biomarker and the underlying mechanism. Most likely a single biomarker is not sufficient, and the combination of more than one may approach more effectively the recognition of the phenotype. The understanding of the pathophysiology of this world epidemic disease is essential to improve the management of these patients as well as to evaluate the plausible effects of new treatment regimens.

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Abbreviations

Ang-2:

Angiopoietin 2

BNP:

B-type Natriuretic Peptide

CC-16:

Clara Cell Secretory Protein 16

CCL-18:

Chemokine Ligand 18

COPD:

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

CRP:

C-reactive Protein

CT:

Computed Tomography

CXCL10:

Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 10

DCC:

Differential Cell Count

DLco:

Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide

DTT:

Dithiothreitol

EBC:

Exhaled Breath Condensate

ELISA:

Enzyme Immunoassay

eNOS:

Endothelial NOS

e-nose:

Electronic Nose

ERS:

European Respiratory Society

FeNO:

Fraction of Exhaled Nitric Oxide

FEV1 :

Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 s

FVC:

Forced Vital Capacity PIO KATW

GOLD:

Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease

H2O2 :

Hydrogen Peroxide

ICS:

Inhaled Corticosteroids

ICU:

Intensive Care Unit

IL:

Interleukin

IL-18:

Interleukin 18

IL-1β:

Interleukin 1β

IL-5:

Interleukin 5

IL-6:

Interleukin 6

IL-8:

Interleukin 8

iNOS:

Inducible NOS

LABA:

Long-Acting Β2-Agonists

LTB4 :

Leukotriene B4

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MMP-12:

Matrix Metalloproteinase 12

MMP-8:

Matrix Metalloproteinase 8

MMP-9:

Matrix Metalloproteinase 9

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MR-proANP:

Midregional Proatrial Natriuretic Peptide

nNOS:

Neuronal NOS

NO:

Nitric Oxide

NOS:

NO Synthase

NT-proBNP:

N-terminal Pro-brain Natriuretic Peptide

PaO2 :

Partial Pressure of Oxygen

PBS:

Phosphate-Buffered Saline

PCT:

Procalcitonin

PGE2 :

Prostaglandin E2

RS-NOs:

Nitrosothiols

SAA:

Serum Amyloid A

SLPI:

Secretory Leukocyte Protease Inhibitor

SP-D:

Surfactant Protein D

TCC:

Total Cell Count

TLC:

Total Lung Capacity

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha

VEGF:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

VOCs:

Volatile Organic Compounds

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. 2nd Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School, Stamouli 3, Athens, 43100, Greece

    Konstantinos Kostikas & Stelios Loukides

  2. 1st Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Athens Medical School, 11 Kononos Street, Athens, 11634, Greece

    Petros Bakakos

Authors
  1. Konstantinos Kostikas
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  2. Petros Bakakos
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  3. Stelios Loukides
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Correspondence to Konstantinos Kostikas .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Kostikas, K., Bakakos, P., Loukides, S. (2015). Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Current Concerns and Future Prospects. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_15

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