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YKL-40 as Biomarker: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease

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General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications

Abstract

Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of death in Western countries today, and the number of patients is still increasing. Medical therapies and revascularization by percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass surgery have reduced the mortality significantly and improved quality of life for patients with coronary artery disease. However, the available treatment is not always sufficient and many patients are still plagued by a high frequency of angina pectoris or heart failure symptoms, hospital admissions, and an overall poor prognosis in spite of an intense treatment strategy.

There is no simple clinical parameter available to monitor whether a given treatment is sufficient with regard to preventing major cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, or death. New biomarkers are needed, which alone or in combination with other risk markers could be useful in monitoring treatment and as prognostic markers for future cardiovascular events in patients with ischemic heart disease.

Epidemiological and clinical studies have shown a strong and consistent relationship between biomarkers of inflammation and the risk of cardiovascular events. YKL-40 is a new potential biomarker of inflammation and YKL-40 has been found elevated in patients with both acute and stable chronic cardiovascular disease. Therefore, YKL-40 could potentially be a new useful biomarker to monitor disease severity and predict prognosis and survival in patients with ischemic heart disease.

This chapter will review present knowledge about YKL-40 in cardiac patients and discuss whether YKL-40 could be used to monitor therapies and for prognostic evaluation in patients with cardiovascular disease.

Conflict of Interest

A patent application (WO 2009/092382; Jens Kastrup. Classification of individuals suffering from cardiovascular diseases according to survival prognoses as found by measuring the levels of biomarker YKL-40. PCT/DK2009/050015, 2009) is published and pending.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme

BMI:

Body Mass Index

Brp-39:

Breast Regression Protein 39

CABG:

Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery

CAD:

Coronary Artery Disease

CHF:

Chronic Heart Failure

CHI3L1:

Chitinase-3-like-1

CV:

Cardiovascular

DM:

Diabetes Mellitus

ECM:

Extracellular Matrix

ECV:

Electrical Cardioversion

Gp38k:

38-kDa Heparin-Binding Glycoprotein

HC gp39:

Human Cartilage Glycoprotein-39

HDL-c:

High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

HR:

Hazard Ratio

HsCRP:

High-Sensitivity C-reactive Protein

IHD:

Ischemic Heart Disease

IL1:

Interleukin-1

LDL-c:

Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

LVEF:

Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

MGP-40:

40-kDa Mammary Gland Protein

MI:

Myocardial Infarction

MRI:

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Non-STEMI:

Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

NYHA:

New York Heart Association

PCI:

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

RA:

Rheumatoid Arthritis

SR:

Sinus Rhythm

TNF-α:

Tumor Necrotic Factor α

UACR:

Urinary Albumin Concentration

VSMC:

Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Cardiology, Cardiac Catheterization Laboratory 2014, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitale, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark

    Naja Dam Mygind & Jens Kastrup

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  1. Naja Dam Mygind
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  2. Jens Kastrup
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Correspondence to Jens Kastrup .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Mygind, N.D., Kastrup, J. (2015). YKL-40 as Biomarker: Focus on Cardiovascular Disease. In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) General Methods in Biomarker Research and their Applications. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7696-8_11

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