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Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens and Biomarkers of Osteoporosis

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Biomarkers in Bone Disease

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Abstract

Osteoporosis, decreased bone strength increasing the risk of fractures, is the result of alterations in bone remodeling causing an imbalance between bone formation and resorption with a predominance of resorption. In postmenopausal women, bone loss increases due to lower levels of estrogen. One of the most common treatment strategies for osteoporosis after incidence of fractures is the use of antiresorptive agents to stimulate osteoblastic proliferation. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for the treatment of menopausal symptoms also reduces the risk of osteoporosis, although its adverse side effects have led researchers to investigate alternative treatments. Dietary soy phytoestrogens have gained considerable attention for exhibiting beneficial effects on bone metabolism and modulating related biomarkers of osteoporosis. Studies using cultured bone cells and postmenopausal rat models support a significant bone-sparing effect of soy phytoestrogens. These findings have initiated clinical studies for the evaluation of soy phytoestrogen effects on postmenopausal bone loss. Human clinical studies have shown both promising and conflicting results. Only few studies show that consumption of soy phytoestrogens increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women, whereas most studies show no such effects. This short review focuses on the potential effects of soy-derived phytoestrogens on biomarkers (alkaline phosphatase, N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen) of osteoporosis by examining the evidence from in vitro cultured bone cells, in vivo animal models, and human clinical studies. These collective data suggest the bone-sparing effects of soy phytoestrogens.

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Abbreviations

ALP:

Alkaline phosphatase

AP-1:

Activator protein 1

ASC:

Adipose-derived stromal/stem cell

BAP:

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase

BMC:

Bone marrow stromal osteoprogenitor cells

BMD:

Bone mineral density

BMP:

Bone morphogenetic protein

BMSC:

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell

BV/TV:

Trabecular bone volume

Cbfa1:

Core binding factor 1

Cd:

Cadmium

CdCl2 :

Cadmium chloride

CLO:

Caged layer osteoporosis

Col I:

Collagen type 1

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

E2:

17β-estradiol

E2B:

Estradiol-3 benzoate

ER:

Estrogen receptor

ER-PKCα:

Estrogen receptor-protein kinase C alpha

ERα:

Estrogen receptor alpha

ERβ:

Estrogen receptor beta

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FRAX®:

Fracture Risk Assessment Tool

HOB:

Trabecular bone osteoblasts

IGF:

Insulin-like growth factor

IP:

Ipriflavone

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MAR:

Mineral apposition rate

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

NTx:

N-telopeptide of type 1 collagen

OCN:

Osteocalcin

O-DMA:

o-Desmethylangolensin

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

ORX:

Orchidectomized

OVX:

Ovariectomized

PTH:

Parathyroid hormone

RANKL:

Receptor activator of NF-kappa B ligand

ROI:

Region of interest

SD:

Standard deviation

SIE:

Soy isoflavone extract

Tb.Sp:

Trabecular separation

TGF-β:

Tumor growth factor-beta

Th.N:

Trabecular number

VDR:

Vitamin D receptor

vitD3:

Vitamin D3

VOI:

Volume of interest

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, Texas Woman’s University, Denton, TX, 76204-5799, USA

    Paramita Basu & Camelia Maier

  2. Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA

    Arpita Basu

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  1. Paramita Basu
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  2. Camelia Maier
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Correspondence to Arpita Basu .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Basu, P., Maier, C., Basu, A. (2017). Dietary Soy Phytoestrogens and Biomarkers of Osteoporosis. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Bone Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_36

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