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Biomarkers in Bone Disease pp 71–104Cite as

Bone Markers Throughout Sexual Development: Epidemiological Significance and Population-Based Findings

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Abstract

Bone markers are used in adults to predict fracture risk and to monitor anabolic or catabolic therapies. Much less is known about their usefulness during childhood and adolescence when, besides remodeling, bone markers also reflect modeling and linear growth of the skeleton. Adolescence is a sensitive period for bone health during which a substantial proportion of bone mass is accrued. Therefore, it is important to understand the significance of bone markers at this stage, mainly in identifying individuals at increased risk of bone fragility. Sections of this chapter focus on the trajectories of bone markers during sexual development, as well as their normative values, determinants, and clinical significance. In general, both resorption and formation markers peak at puberty, decreasing from this point onward. In girls, peak metabolism rate occurs earlier and decreases faster than in boys. In both genders, markers are weakly associated with bone physical properties. Few studies have addressed modifiable determinants of bone markers, and the effect of behaviors on bone metabolism is far from consensual. Some successful attempts have been made to use bone markers in the clinical setting to diagnose and monitor pediatric diseases. Today, even though the measurement of bone markers in children and adolescents can be useful in the clinical setting, lack of standardized methods for determination still limits their widespread use.

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Abbreviations

BALP:

Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase

BMC:

Bone mineral content

BMD:

Bone mineral density

CTX-I:

Cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

ECLIA:

Electrochemiluminescence immunoassay

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

EPITeen study:

Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto

ICMA:

Immunochemiluminometric assay

ICTP:

C-Terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen

IRMA:

Immunoradiometric assay

NTX:

Cross-linked N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen

OC:

Osteocalcin

OPG:

Osteoprotegerin

PBM:

Peak bone mass

PICP:

Procollagen type I carboxy terminal propeptide

PINP:

Procollagen type I amino terminal propeptide

RANK:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB

RANKL:

Receptor activator of nuclear factor kB ligand

RIA:

Radioimmunoassay

TRACP:

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase

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Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge Henrique Barros and Elisabete Ramos (ISPUP, Portugal) for the scientific coordination of the EPITeen cohort study and Isabel Maia for her contribution to this chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. EPIUnit - Institute of Public Health of the University of Porto, Rua das Taipas n°135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal

    Raquel Lucas, Ana Martins & Teresa Monjardino

  2. Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, University of Porto Medical School, Al. Prof. Hernâni Monteiro, 4200-319, Porto, Portugal

    Raquel Lucas & Ana Martins

  3. Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal

    Joana Caetano-Lopes & João Eurico Fonseca

  4. Rheumatology Department, Lisbon Academic Medical Center, Av. Professor Egas Moniz, 1649-028, Lisbon, Portugal

    João Eurico Fonseca

Authors
  1. Raquel Lucas
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  2. Ana Martins
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  3. Teresa Monjardino
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  4. Joana Caetano-Lopes
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  5. João Eurico Fonseca
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Raquel Lucas , Ana Martins , Teresa Monjardino , Joana Caetano-Lopes or João Eurico Fonseca .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Lucas, R., Martins, A., Monjardino, T., Caetano-Lopes, J., Fonseca, J.E. (2017). Bone Markers Throughout Sexual Development: Epidemiological Significance and Population-Based Findings. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Bone Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7693-7_26

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