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Molecular Biomarkers of Laryngeal Cancer

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Biomarkers in Cancer

Abstract

Laryngeal cancer represents the second most common type of head and neck cancer, with approximately 12,000 new laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma cases being yearly diagnosed only in the USA. Despite the fact that the survival rates of laryngeal cancer patients have improved, owing to the more effective treatment than in the past decades, the prognosis of patients with metastatic laryngeal cancer remains poor, even for those treated with both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Therefore, the relapse rates of laryngeal cancer patients are still very high, compared to patients suffering from other types of cancer. Laryngeal cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, mostly due to the fact that this cancer causes nonspecific symptoms and hence to a delayed start of treatment after the true onset of the disease. To date, several genes have been studied for their diagnostic and/or prognostic potential in laryngeal cancer. Moreover, quantification of RNA or protein products of some genes could be used for the monitoring of laryngeal cancer treatment efficacy. As tumor biomarkers are considered as very important in the personalized medicine era that has just emerged, this chapter summarizes the current knowledge regarding molecular biomarkers in this disease.

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Abbreviations

ARCON:

Accelerated Radiotherapy with Carbogen (98 % O2, 2 % CO2) and Nicotinamide

CA9:

Carbonic Anhydrase IX

CCNA2:

Cyclin A2

CCNB1:

Cyclin B1

CCND1:

Cyclin D1

CCND3:

Cyclin D3

CCNE1:

Cyclin E1

CDH1:

Cadherin 1, Type 1

CDK4:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4

CDKN1A:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1A

CDKN1B:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 1B

CDKN2A:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2A

CDKN2B:

Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor 2B

COX2:

Cyclooxygenase 2

CST3:

Cystatin C

CSTA:

Cystatin A

CSTB:

Cystatin B

CTSB:

Cathepsin B

CTSD:

Cathepsin D

DDC:

L-DOPA Decarboxylase

DFS:

Disease-Free Survival

ECAD:

E-cadherin

EGFR:

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor

ELISA:

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

FFPE:

Formalin Fixed, Paraffin Embedded

FLT1:

fms-Related Tyrosine Kinase 1

FLT4:

fms-Related Tyrosine Kinase 4

HOTAIR:

HOX Transcript Antisense RNA

HOXC:

Homeobox C

IHC:

Immunohistochemistry

KDR:

Kinase Insert Domain Receptor

KLK11:

Kallikrein-Related Peptidase 11

lncRNA:

Long Noncoding RNA

LSCC:

Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

MFS:

Metastasis-Free Survival

miRNA:

microRNA

MKI67:

Marker of Proliferation Ki-67

OPN:

Osteopontin

OS:

Overall Survival

PARK7:

Parkinson Protein 7

PCNA:

Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen

PFS:

Progression-Free Survival

PGF:

Placental Growth Factor

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

PTGS2:

Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2

qRT-PCR:

Quantitative Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction

rRNA:

Ribosomal RNA

SPP1:

Secreted Phosphoprotein 1

TERT:

Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase

TNM:

Tumor Extent, Nodes, and Metastases

TP53:

Tumor Protein p53

VEGF:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor

VEGFA:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A

VEGFB:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor B

VEGFC:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C

VEGFD:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor D

VEGFR1:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 1

VEGFR3:

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, School of Science, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, 15701, Athens, Greece

    Christos K. Kontos, Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos & Andreas Scorilas

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  1. Christos K. Kontos
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  2. Panagiotis G. Adamopoulos
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  3. Andreas Scorilas
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Correspondence to Andreas Scorilas .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King’s College London, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics Division of Diabetes & Nutritional Scien, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

  2. Faculty of Science & Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

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Kontos, C.K., Adamopoulos, P.G., Scorilas, A. (2015). Molecular Biomarkers of Laryngeal Cancer . In: Preedy, V., Patel, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cancer. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7681-4_33

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