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Nitric Oxide Regulating Proteins as Biochemical and Genetic Markers of Coronary Artery Disease

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Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease

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Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite huge efforts and great advances in studying the genetic component of CVD, there is still a great need for exploring the genetic and environmental factors contributing to the development of this disease. Among these factors evolve modulation of nitric oxide (NO) homeostasis and oxidative stress as central players according to recent reports. A wide range of biochemical disturbances, including reduced bioavailability of NO and oxidative stress, has been shown to be associated with endothelial dysfunction (ED). Many studies described the contribution of ED in the predisposition of CVD, particularly coronary artery disease (CAD). Recent evidence indicates that ED may be genetically determined. This chapter points out to the key players that influence vascular NO levels and their role in the protection against and/or predisposition to CAD.

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Abbreviations

ADMA:

Asymmetric dimethylarginine

AMI:

Acute myocardial infarction

ARE:

Arylesterase

CABG:

Coronary artery bypass grafting

CVD:

Cardiovascular disease

DDAH:

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase

ED:

Endothelial dysfunction

EDN-1:

Endothelin-1 gene

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

eNOS:

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

HDL:

High-density lipoprotein

hs-CRP:

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein

IHD:

Ischemic heart disease

iNOS:

Inducible nitric oxide synthase

LDL:

Low-density lipoprotein

L-NMMA:

Levo-N-monomethyl arginine

MI:

Myocardial infarction

NADPH:

Hydrogenated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NHI:

National Heart Institute

nNOS:

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase

NO:

Nitric oxide

O2 − :

Superoxide radical

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite

Ox-LDL:

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein

PCI:

Percutaneous coronary interventions

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PON:

Paraoxonase

RFLP:

Restriction fragment length polymorphism

ROSs:

Reactive oxygen species

SDMA:

Symmetric dimethylarginine

sGC:

Soluble guanylate cyclase

SNP:

Single nucleotide polymorphism

TG:

Triacylglycerols

VSMCs:

Vascular smooth muscle cells

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Biochemistry Department, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo Governorate, Egypt

    Mohamed Z. Gad, Sahar M. Abdel-Maksoud, Sally I. Hassanein, Ingy M. Hashad & Mohamed F. Abdel Rahman

  2. Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany

    Mohamed A. Abu el Maaty

  3. National Heart Institute, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt

    Gamal M. Shaban

  4. Division of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Microbiology and Immunology Department, German University in Cairo (GUC), Cairo Governorate, Egypt

    Khaled Abou-Aisha

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  1. Mohamed Z. Gad
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  2. Sahar M. Abdel-Maksoud
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  3. Sally I. Hassanein
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  4. Ingy M. Hashad
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  5. Mohamed F. Abdel Rahman
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  6. Mohamed A. Abu el Maaty
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Correspondence to Mohamed Z. Gad .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science & Technology , University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Gad, M.Z. et al. (2016). Nitric Oxide Regulating Proteins as Biochemical and Genetic Markers of Coronary Artery Disease. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Cardiovascular Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7678-4_34

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