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Biomarkers of the Antioxidant Response: A Focus on Liver Carcinogenesis

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Biomarkers in Liver Disease

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Abstract

Many studies have demonstrated the association of oxidative stress caused by excessive and sustained production of reactive species with chronic inflammatory conditions, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis, and cancer. The main mechanism of redox control relies on the cellular antioxidant response. Nevertheless, oxidative stress and oxidative damage to biomolecules are events inherent to the process of carcinogenesis. Antioxidant response systems do not operate in isolation, as there is significant convergence among thermodynamically favored systems. Three main systems may be identified: glutathione, thioredoxins (TRX), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). Liver tumors frequently exhibit overexpression of one or more proteins belonging to the antioxidant system, for example, glutathione reductase (GSR), glutathione S-transferase P (GSTP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), thioredoxin reductase (TXNR), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase [quinone] 1 (NQO1), and prostaglandin reductase 1 (PTGR1). The increased expression of these enzymes is suggested as biomarker that favors tumor development by stimulating proliferation, angiogenesis, and metastasis or by preventing cell death. The loss of expression of some antioxidant enzymes could be used as biomarkers too such as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Therefore, the expression of these proteins shows predictive value for the prognosis and risk of liver cancer recurrence in patients. In this chapter, we discuss the most recent findings regarding the enzymatic antioxidant cellular response that occurs during liver carcinogenesis and how these systems could be used as biomarkers in the clinical practice.

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Abbreviations

4-HNE:

4-Hydroxynonenal

8-OH-dG:

8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine

AKR:

Aldo-keto reductase

ATF-2:

Activating transcription factor

ATM:

Ataxia telangiectasia mutated

CAT:

Catalase

CBR1:

Carbonyl reductase 1

G6PD:

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GCL:

Glutamate cysteine ligase

GGT:

Gamma-glutamyl transferase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GS:

Glutathione synthetase

GSH and GSSG:

Reduced and oxidized glutathione

GSR:

Glutathione reductase

GST:

Glutathione S-transferases

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HIF:

Hypoxia-inducible factors

HMOX:

Heme oxygenase

HNF4α:

Hepatocyte nuclear factor alpha

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDR:

Multidrug resistance protein

MT:

Metallothionein

NADPH:

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NFE2L2:

Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2

NF-kB:

Nuclear factor kB

NQO1:

NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3 kinase

PLC:

Phospholipase C

PPAR:

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors

PRX:

Peroxiredoxin

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

PTGR:

Prostaglandin reductase

RAR:

Retinoic acid receptors

RNS:

Reactive nitrogen species

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TRX:

Thioredoxin

TXNR:

Thioredoxin reductase

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Estructura de Proteínas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, 4809 Periférico Sur, Mexico City, Mexico

    Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez, Julia Esperanza Torres-Mena, Luis del Pozo Yauner & Julio Isael Pérez-Carreón

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  1. Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez
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  2. Julia Esperanza Torres-Mena
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  3. Luis del Pozo Yauner
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  4. Julio Isael Pérez-Carreón
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Correspondence to Ricardo Sánchez-Rodríguez or Julio Isael Pérez-Carreón .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Sánchez-Rodríguez, R., Torres-Mena, J.E., del Pozo Yauner, L., Pérez-Carreón, J.I. (2017). Biomarkers of the Antioxidant Response: A Focus on Liver Carcinogenesis. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_36

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