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Hydroxyproline as a Biomarker in Liver Disease

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Biomarkers in Liver Disease

Abstract

Hepatic fibrosis is one of the most critical diseases of wounded tissues that arise from different caustic agents, especially viral hepatitis, bilharzia, chemical- and drug-induced toxicity, and metabolic disorders. The proceeding of fibrosis depends mainly up on imbalance between the rate of formation and deposition of collagen which associated with many metabolic and biochemical abnormalities.

Hydroxyproline is one of the most amino acids present in collagen following hydroxylation of proline moiety. The presence of hydroxyproline in extracellular matrix (ECM) produced by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) preserves the integrity and function of liver cells. Its level in liver tissues, serum, and urine comprises a superior limiting factor which could signify correctly the rates and progression of liver fibrogenesis. The estimation of hydroxyproline in different research studies as marker for diagnosis or measurement of the anti-fibrotic activity of therapeutic interventions of herbal or non-herbal medicine argues its importance as noninvasive fibrotic detecting biomarker in chronic liver diseases with severe fibrosis.

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Abbreviations

AUROCs:

Area under receiver operating characteristic curves

BMP-7:

Bone morphogenetic protein-7

CCA:

Cholangiocarcinoma

CCL4 toxicity:

Carbon tetrachloride toxicity

CHB:

Chronic hepatitis B

DMN:

Dimethylnitrosamine

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

EMT:

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

GSH:

Glutathione reduced form

GSSG:

Glutathione oxidized form

HBD:

Hepatobiliary diseases

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

HPLC:

High-performance liquid electrophoresis

HSCs:

Hepatic stellate cells

HSS:

Hypersplenomegaly syndrome

HYP:

Hydroxyproline

MAP:

Mitogen-activated protein

MAT1A; MAT2A:

Methionine adenosyltransferase 1, 2

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MET:

Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition

MSS:

Moderate splenomegaly syndrome

PDGF:

The platelet-derived growth factor

TAA toxicity:

Thioacetamide toxicity

TGF-β1:

Transforming growth factor β1

YGJD:

Yi Guan Jian Decoction

\( \alpha \)-SMA:

\( \alpha \)-Smooth muscle actin

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Acknowledgment

The project was fully financially supported by King Saud University, through Vice Deanship of Research Chairs, Rehabilitation Research Chair.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 10219, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia

    Sami A. Gabr & Ahmad H. Alghadir

  2. Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Sami A. Gabr

  3. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts, Ulla, Taibah University, Medina, Saudi Arabia

    Yousery E. Sherif

  4. Clinical Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

    Yousery E. Sherif

  5. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Ayman A. Ghfar

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  1. Sami A. Gabr
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  2. Ahmad H. Alghadir
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  3. Yousery E. Sherif
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  4. Ayman A. Ghfar
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Correspondence to Sami A. Gabr .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Gabr, S.A., Alghadir, A.H., Sherif, Y.E., Ghfar, A.A. (2017). Hydroxyproline as a Biomarker in Liver Disease. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_26

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