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Bilirubin as a Biomarker in Liver Disease

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Biomarkers in Liver Disease

Abstract

Bilirubin had been studied since the eighteenth century because assessment of serum bilirubin concentration is important in the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with liver disorders. All prognostic scores for liver diseases include bilirubin in their calculations, and some studies have shown that bilirubin is an independent biomarker of mortality risk. We know that a high total bilirubin level is an indicator of disease, but nowadays there is evidence indicating the association of a low level with increased risk of diseases, for example, cancer or cardiovascular disorders. Bilirubin is a potential biomarker because its concentration is associated with mortality and may also be associated with the prevention of disease. This chapter will review the usefulness of bilirubin as a marker in liver diseases and their possible use to assess outcomes and risk of other non-liver diseases.

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Abbreviations

ABIC:

Age–bilirubin–INR–creatinine

ACLF:

Acute-on-chronic liver failure

AH:

Alcoholic hepatitis

ALF:

Acute liver failure

ALFIHMS:

ALF in-hospital mortality score

APACHE II score:

Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score

BLVR:

Biliverdin reductase

CB:

Conjugated bilirubin

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CTP score:

Child–Turcotte–Pugh score

ECBL:

Early change in bilirubin level

GAHS:

Glasgow alcoholic hepatitis score

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

HELLP:

Hemolysis, elevated liver enzyme levels, and low platelet count

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HMOX:

Heme oxygenase

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

INR:

International normalized ratio

KCH:

King’s College Hospital

LT:

Liver transplantation

mDF:

Maddrey discriminant function

MELD:

Model for End-Stage Liver Disease

NHANES:

National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

OATP:

Organic anion-transporting protein

TcBm:

Transcutaneous bilirubin measurement

UCB:

Unconjugated bilirubin

UGT1A1:

Bilirubin UDP-glucuronosyltransferase

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Medica Sur Clinic and Foundation (NMS) and by the following grants: PRVOUK 4102280002 from the Czech Ministry of Education and RVO VFN64165 from the Czech Ministry of Health (LV).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Liver Research Unit, Medica Sur Clinic & Foundation, Puente de Piedra 150, Col. Toriello Guerra, Mexico City, Mexico

    Nahum Méndez-Sánchez, Nancy E. Aguilar-Olivos & Misael Uribe

  2. 4th Department of Internal Medicine, and Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

    Libor Vítek

Authors
  1. Nahum Méndez-Sánchez
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  2. Libor Vítek
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  3. Nancy E. Aguilar-Olivos
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  4. Misael Uribe
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Nahum Méndez-Sánchez , Libor Vítek , Nancy E. Aguilar-Olivos or Misael Uribe .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Research Division, Faculty of Life Science and Medicine, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom

    Victor R. Preedy

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Méndez-Sánchez, N., Vítek, L., Aguilar-Olivos, N.E., Uribe, M. (2017). Bilirubin as a Biomarker in Liver Disease. In: Patel, V., Preedy, V. (eds) Biomarkers in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7675-3_25

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