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Historical Perspective of Humanoid Robot Research in Europe

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Humanoid Robotics: A Reference

Abstract

From the very first humanoid automation designed by Leonardo da Vinci in 1495 to Pyrène – a fully force control humanoid robot – designed for research purpose in 2016, this chapter discusses the contributions of Europe in humanoid robot research and development. It is organized around the presentation of the main influential platforms, followed by thematic contributions covering collaborative robots, control, biomechanics, and neurosciences.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratoire Des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes, (LSN2) UMR CNRS 6004, Université de Nantes UFR des Sciences et Techniques de Nantes, Centrale Nantes, LS2N, Bat.S., 1 rue de la Noë, 44321, Nantes Cedex 3, France

    Yannick Aoustin

  2. Laboratoire des Sciences du Numérique de Nantes (LS2N), UMR CNRS 6004, CNRS, ECN Bat.S :419, Centrale Nantes, LS2N, Bat.S., 1 rue de la Noë, 44321, Nantes Cedex 3, France

    Christine Chevallereau

  3. LAAS-CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, 31077, Toulouse, France

    Jean-Paul Laumond

Authors
  1. Yannick Aoustin
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  2. Christine Chevallereau
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  3. Jean-Paul Laumond
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Correspondence to Yannick Aoustin .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Intuitive Surgical , Sunnyvale, California, USA

    Ambarish Goswami

  2. Singapore, Singapur, Singapore

    Prahlad Vadakkepat

Appendix A

Appendix A

1.1 European Contracts and Research Groups

Developing synergy between the universities and research centers in the different European countries is a formal goal of European Union policy. Support for young or senior researchers who are leaders in their domain is available in the form of European Research Council projects (ERC). We present here a nonexhaustive list of these projects.

  1. 1.

    Robot@CWE (Advanced robotic systems in future collaborative Working Environment, 2007–2009), (http://roboticslab.uc3m.es/roboticslab/project/robotcwe) is a two-year European research project. The consortium of this project is composed of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) (Coordinator), University Carlos III of Madrid (UCM), Technical University of Munich (TUM), University of Salzburg (US), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Dragados, Hewlett Packard, Space Applications Services, and Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). It aims to research and demonstrate integrative concepts of advanced robotic systems, to be seen as collaborative agents, in various environments, working together with humans.

  2. 2.

    RobotCub (2005–2010) is a five-year project funded by the European Commission. Its consortium is composed of researchers at the University of Genova, the Scuola Superior S. Anne the University of Zurich, the University of Uppsala, the University of Ferrara, IST Lisbon, and the University of Sheffield. Its principal goal is the study of cognition through an implementation of a small humanoid robot: ICub.

  3. 3.

    Amarsi (2010–2014) (www.amarsi-project.eu) (Adaptive Modular Architectures for Rich Motor Skills) is a four-year European research project. A consortium of Bielefeld University (Coordinator), the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Graz University of Technology – Institute for Theoretical Computer Science, Santa Lucia Foundation – SLF, Ghent University, Tübingen University, the University of Zurich, the Italian Institute of Technology – IIT, Jacobs University, and the Weizmann Institute, AMARSI aims to make a qualitative leap forward in robotic motor skills toward biological richness.

  1. 4.

    Robohow (2012–2016), (www.robohow.eu) was a four-year European research project that started in February 2012. The consortium of this project included the Universität Bremen (UNIHB) (in a coordinating role), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan (KTH), the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), the Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellias (FORTH), Univeriteit Leiden (UL), Aldebaran Rrobotics, and the Technische Universität München (TUM). It aims at enabling robots to competently perform everyday human-scale manipulation activities – both in human working and living environments.

  2. 5.

    Walk-Man (2013–2017), (www.walk-man.eu) is a four-year European research project that began in September 2013 (Whole-body Adaptive Locomotion and Manipulation, www.walk-man.eu) [66]. The consortium was formed by the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT) (as coordinator) the École Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Università di Pisa (UNIPI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), and the Universitä Catholique de Louvain (UCL). The objective is to develop a robotic platform, with an anthropomorphic form, which can operate in unstructured environments and work spaces as a result of natural and man-made disasters.

  3. 6.

    Named for the first recorded Olympic champion in history, Koroibot (http://orb.iwr.uni-heidelberg.de/koroibot/) is a four-year European research project scheduled to run from 2013 to 2017. Its consortium is composed by the Universität Heidelberg (coordinator), the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Germany (KIT), the Istituto Italiano di Technological Italy (IIT), the Technische Universiteit Delft Netherlands (TUD), the Weizmann Institut in Israel, Universität Tübingen (UT), and the University of Marburg (external collaborators). It aims to improve humanoid walking capabilities by human-inspired mathematical models, optimization, and learning.

  4. 7.

    CodyCo (Compliant Dynamical Contacts, 2013–2017), (www.codyco.eu) is a four-year European research project. The consortium of this project includes the Istituto Italiano di Technological Italy (IIT) (coordinator), the Technische Universitaet Darmstadt (TUD), the Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), the University of Birmingham (UB), and the Jozef Stefan Institute (JSI) in Slovenia. The aim of CoDyCo is to advance the current control and cognitive understanding about robust, goal-directed whole-body motion interaction with multiple contacts.

  5. 8.

    ERC Actanthrope (Atelier de l’Action Anthropomorphe 2013–2018) (Computational Foundations of Anthropomorphic Action) is managed by Jean-Paul Laumond at the CNRS laboratory LAAS at Toulouse, France. This ERC project is exploring the computational foundation of human action to design more autonomous robots, while reciprocally developing robotic techniques to improve the understanding of human manipulation and dynamic locomotion.

  6. 9.

    ERC Cont-Act (Control of contact interactions for robots acting in the world, 2014–2019) (Humanoid robots and manipulation) is managed by Ludovic Righetti at the Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems (Autonomous Motion Department) in Germany. This ERC project’s ambition is to develop a consistent theoretical framework for motion generation and control. Contact interaction is at the core of the approach, and an efficient use of sensory information drives the development of high performance, adaptive and robust planning, and control methods.

  7. 10.

    COMANOID (Multi-Contact Collaborative Humanoids in Aircraft Manufacturing 2015–2019) is a four-year European research project as a part of the Horizon H2020 program. The consortium is composed of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et Automatique (Inria), the Università degli Studi di Roma” La Sapienza,” and Airbus Group Innovations. COMANOID aims to deploy humanoid robots to perform nonadded value tasks that have been identified by Airbus Group in civilian airliner assembly operations.

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Aoustin, Y., Chevallereau, C., Laumond, JP. (2018). Historical Perspective of Humanoid Robot Research in Europe. In: Goswami, A., Vadakkepat, P. (eds) Humanoid Robotics: A Reference. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7194-9_144-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7194-9_144-1

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