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Pancreatic β Cells in Metabolic Syndrome

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Islets of Langerhans

Abstract

Obesity is considered a major public health problem worldwide. Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of signs that increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The main characteristics of metabolic syndrome are central obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance. It is clear that the progression of metabolic syndrome to T2DM depends on the environment and the genetic traits of individuals.

Pancreatic β cells are fundamental for nutrient homeostasis. They are the unique cells in the organisms that produce and secrete insulin. The actions of insulin are anabolic, stimulating glucose entry to adipose tissue and skeletal muscle, and promoting nutrient storage.

However, insulin receptors are present in every mammalian cell, and not all the physiological effects of this hormone are completely understood. Nutrients, other hormones, and neurotransmitters regulate insulin secretion, and the main ones will be discussed in this chapter. We will summarize how metabolic changes modify β-cell physiology and the actions of insulin in metabolic syndrome, eventually leading to the development of T2DM.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetylcholine

acyl-CoA:

Acyl coenzyme A

ADP:

Adenosine diphosphate

AMPK:

5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase

AR:

Adrenoreceptor

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BMI:

Body mass index

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

CAP:

Cbl-associated protein

Cbl:

Casitas B-lineage lymphoma proto-oncogene

Cytokine R:

R Cytokine receptor

DAG:

Diacylglycerol

DPP-4:

Enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-4

ER:

Endoplasmic reticulum

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

GK:

Glucokinase

GLP-1:

Glucagon-like peptide-1

GLUT2:

Glucose transporters type 2

GSIS:

Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion

IGF1R:

Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor

IKK:

Kinase of IKB (inhibitor of KB)

IL-6:

Interleukin-6

IR:

Insulin receptor

IRS:

Insulin receptor substrate

JAKs:

Kinases of the Janus family

JNK:

c-Jun N-terminal kinase

KATP :

ATP-sensitive potassium channel

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MODY:

Maturity onset diabetes of the young

MS:

Metabolic syndrome

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NEFAs:

Nonesterified fatty acids

NGF:

Nerve growth factor

PDK:

Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase

PHHI:

Persistent hypoglycemic hyperinsulinemia of the infancy

PI3K:

Phosphoinositol-3 kinase

PKA:

Protein kinase A

PKB/Akt:

Protein kinase B

PKC:

Protein kinase C

PPAR gamma:

Peroxisome-proliferation-activated receptor gamma

PTPs:

Protein tyrosine phosphatases

Ras:

Rat sarcoma protein family

RBP4:

Retinol binding protein-4

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SNARE:

Soluble NSF attachment protein receptor

SOCS:

Suppressor of cytokine signaling

SREBP:

Sterol regulatory element-binding protein

T2DM:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

TLR4:

Toll-like receptor 4

TNFa:

Tumor necrosis factor α

TNFR:

Tumor necrosis factor receptor

TrkA:

Tyrosine kinase receptor A

TRP:

Transient receptor channels

WAT:

White adipose tissue

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Neurodevelopment and Physiology, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Ext s/n Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico, DF, Mexico

    Marcia Hiriart, Myrian Velasco, Carlos Manlio Diaz-Garcia, Carlos Larqué, Carmen Sánchez-Soto, Alondra Albarado-Ibañez, Juan Pablo Chávez-Maldonado, Alicia Toledo & Neivys García-Delgado

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  1. Marcia Hiriart
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  2. Myrian Velasco
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  3. Carlos Manlio Diaz-Garcia
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  4. Carlos Larqué
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  5. Carmen Sánchez-Soto
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  6. Alondra Albarado-Ibañez
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  7. Juan Pablo Chávez-Maldonado
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  8. Alicia Toledo
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  9. Neivys García-Delgado
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Correspondence to Marcia Hiriart .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences and Education, Sodersjukhuset, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

    Md. Shahidul Islam

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Hiriart, M. et al. (2015). Pancreatic β Cells in Metabolic Syndrome. In: Islam, M. (eds) Islets of Langerhans. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6686-0_27

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