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Kidney Injury and Animal Toxins

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Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa

Part of the book series: Toxinology ((TOXI,volume 2))

Abstract

Animal toxins are complex mixtures of peptides, enzymes, proteins, and chemical compounds. The kidney as a highly vascularized organ is vulnerable to toxin injury. Hemodynamic changes resulting in decreased renal blood flow are the basic finding in severe envenoming and represent the net result of the effect of vasoactive substances from toxins, the effect of toxins on vascular or autonomic neuronal ion channels, and the effect of proinflammatory cytokines and vasoactive mediators from the host. Several enzymes in toxins including phospholipase A2, metalloprotease, and sphingomyelinase are cytotoxic and potentially nephrotoxic. They are also responsible for intravascular coagulation, intravascular hemolysis, and rhabdomyolysis which further enhance renal ischemia. In general, renal injury is attributed to the interaction of inflammatory reaction and renal ischemia. Direct nephrotoxicity is responsible for acute renal injury in some animal envenoming. Immunologic mechanism plays a minor role in renal injury. Clinically, manifestations of animal toxin injury vary from mild urinary sediment changes to nephritic or nephritis syndrome and acute renal failure. Renal pathological changes involve all renal structures which include mesangiolysis, glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis, thrombotic microangiopathy, and cortical necrosis. Serum electrolyte changes due to effects of toxins on ion transport in renal tubules and cell membranes open a new dimension in animal toxin injury.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Queen Saovabha Memorial Institute, Bangkok, Thailand

    Visith Sitprija

  2. Bangkok General Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand

    Vijitr Boonpucknavig

Authors
  1. Visith Sitprija
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  2. Vijitr Boonpucknavig
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Correspondence to Visith Sitprija .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Venom and Toxin Research Programme Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    P. Gopalakrishnakone

  2. Professor of Medicine (Rtd), Sir Salimullah Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Abul Faiz

  3. Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

    Ravindra Fernando

  4. Department of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka

    Christeine Ariaranee Gnanathasan

  5. Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit Department of Medicine, Bayero University Kano Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital, Kano, Nigeria

    Abdulrazaq Garba Habib

  6. Department of Medicine, School of Medicine National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Chen-Chang Yang

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Sitprija, V., Boonpucknavig, V. (2015). Kidney Injury and Animal Toxins. In: Gopalakrishnakone, P., Faiz, A., Fernando, R., Gnanathasan, C., Habib, A., Yang, CC. (eds) Clinical Toxinology in Asia Pacific and Africa. Toxinology, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6386-9_11

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