Abstract
This chapter introduces readers to a framework of international institutions created in the aftermath of the Second World War and to their major bioethics codes of conduct. Although these statements address a range of bioethical issues from cloning and stem cell research to xenotransplantation, most pronouncements deal with human subjects research. These research ethics codes are the primary focus of this chapter.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adams, F. (1849). Trans. The genuine works of Hippocrates (p. ii). London: Sydenham Society; http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/hippooath.html. Visited December 17, 2011.
Annas, G. J., & Grodin, M. A. (Eds.). (1992). The Nazi doctors and the Nuremberg code: Human rights in human experimentation. New York/Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Council for International Organizations and Medical Sciences. (1985). International guiding principles for biomedical research involving animals. http://www.cioms.ch/publications/guidelines/1985_texts_of_guidelines.htm. Accessed January 6, 2012.
Council for International Organizations and Medical Sciences. (1990). Declaration of Inuyama on human genome mapping, genetic screening and gene therapy. http://www.cioms.ch/publications/guidelines/1990_texts_of_guidelines.htm. Accessed January 6, 2012.
Council for International Organizations and Medical Sciences. (1991). International guidelines for ethical review of epidemiological studies. http://www.cioms.ch/publications/guidelines/1991_texts_of_guidelines.htm. Accessed January 6, 2012.
Council for International Organizations and Medical Sciences. (2009). International ethical guidelines for biomedical research involving human subjects. http://www.cioms.ch/publications/layout_guide2002.pdf. Accessed January 6, 2012.
International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. (2011). Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals: Ethical considerations in the conduct and reporting of research: Protection of human subjects and animals in research. http://www.icmje.org/ethical_6protection.html. Accessed December 21, 2011.
Ivy, A. C. (1946a). Report on war crimes of a medical nature committed in Germany and elsewhere on German nationals and the nationals of occupied countries by the Nazi Regime during world war II. Document JC 9218, AMA Archives.
Ivy, A. C. (1946b). Nazi war crimes of a medical nature. Bulletin of the Chicago Medical Society, 49(21), 296–300.
Ivy, A. C. (1947). Nazi war crimes of a medical nature. Federation Bulletin, 13, 133–146.
Ivy, A. C. (1949). Nazi war crimes of a medical nature. Journal of the American Medical Association., 139, 131.
Lederer, S. (2004). Research without borders: The origins of the Declaration of Helsinki. In R. Volker & M. Giovanni (Eds.), Twentieth century ethics of human subjects research: Historical perspectives on values, practices, and regulations (pp. 199–217). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
Macrae, D. (2007). The Council for International Organizations and Medical Sciences (CIOMS) Guidelines on ethics of clinical trials. Proceedings of the American thoracic society, 4, 176–179. doi: 10.1513/pats.200701-011GChttp://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/Epi273/Macrae_PATS_2007.pdf. Accessed January 6, 2012.
Pridham, J. A. (1951). Founding of the World Medical Association. World Medical Association Bulletin, 3, 209.
Schmidt, U. (2004). Justice at Nuremberg: Leo Alexander and the Nazi doctors’ trial. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.
UNESCO. (2005). Universal declaration on bioethics and human rights. http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31058&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html. Accessed January 4, 2012.
United States of America v. Brandt, K., et al. (1949). Trials of war criminals before the nuremberg military tribunals under control council law no. 10. Nuremberg, October 1946–April 1949. Washington, DC, 1949–1953: U.S. G.P.O, http://www.ushmm.org/research/doctors/Nuremberg_Code.htm. Accessed January 3, 2012.
Von Staden, H. (1996). In a pure and holy way: Personal and professional conduct in the Hippocratic Oath. Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, 51, 406–408.
Weindling, P, (2005). Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials: From Medical War Crimes to Informed Consent, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
World Medical Association. (1949a). Proceedings. World Medical Association Bulletin, 1, 12.
World Medical Association. (1949b). Serment de Geneve, Declaration of Geneva, Declaracion en Gemebra. World Med Assoc Bull 1(1), 13(2):35–37.
World Medical Association. (1949c). International Code of Medical Ethics. World Medical Association Bulletin, 1(3), 109–111.
World Medical Association. (1964). Declaration of Helsinki. In H. K. Beecher (Ed.), Research and the individual: Human studies. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 1970.
World Medical Association. (1975). Declaration of Helsinki http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884510/#app2. Accessed December 21, 2011.
World Medical Association. (1996). Declaration of Helsinki: Recommendations guiding physicians in biomedical research involving human subjects.
World Medical Association. (2000).Declaration of Helsinki. In Carlson, R. V, Boyd, K. M., Webb, D. J. (2004). The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: Past, present and future. (2004). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57(6), 695–713. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884510/#app3. Accessed December 26, 2011
World Medical Association. (2001). Addendum to Declaration of Helsinki. In Carlson, R. V, Boyd,K. M., Webb, D. J. (2004). The revision of the Declaration of Helsinki: Past, present and future. (2004). British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 57(6), 695–713. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2004.02103.xhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1884510/#app3. Accessed December 26, 2011
World Medical Association. (2005). Declaration of Lisbon on the rights of the patient. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/l4/. Accessed January 3, 2012.
World Medical Association. (2006a). Declaration of Geneva. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/g1/. Accessed January 6, 2012.
World Medical Association. (2006b). Declaration of Tokyo: Guidelines for physicians concerning torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in relation to detention and imprisonment. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/c18/index.html. Accessed December 26, 2011.
World Medical Association. (2006c). International code of medical ethics. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/c8/. Accessed January 6, 2012.
World Medical Association. (2006d). Malta declaration on hunger strikers. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/h31/. Accessed January 6, 2012.
World Medical Association. (2008). Declaration of Helsinki.http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/b3/index.html. Accessed December 26, 2011.
World Medical Association. (2009). Declaration of Ottawa on Child Health. http://www.wma.net/en/30publications/10policies/c4/index.html. Accessed December 26, 2011.
Yoshioka, A. (1998). Use of randomisation in the Medical Research Council’s clinical trial of streptomycin in pulmonary tuberculosis in the 1940s. British Medical Journal, 317, 1220–1223.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this entry
Cite this entry
Baker, R. (2014). Codes of Conduct. In: ten Have, H., Gordijn, B. (eds) Handbook of Global Bioethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2512-6_103
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-2512-6_103
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-2511-9
Online ISBN: 978-94-007-2512-6
eBook Packages: Humanities, Social Sciences and Law