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Feedback Control in the Olivo-Cerebellar Loop

  • Reference work entry
Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders

Abstract

About 40 years ago, a subpopulation of small neurons in the deep cerebellar nuclei were shown to project to the inferior olive, the source of the climbing fiber input to the cerebellum. This nucleo-olivary projection follows the zonal and probably also microzonal arrangement of the cerebellum so that closed loops are formed between the neurons in the olive, the cerebellar cortex, and the deep nuclei. Although it was first thought to be excitatory, it was independently shown that the cells were GABAergic and that activity in the nucleo-olivary pathway inhibits olivary activity. A number of functions have been suggested for this inhibition: (a) feedback control of learning, (b) gating of olivary input in general, and (c) feedback control of background activity in Purkinje cells. Evidence is consistent with (a) and (c). Activity in the nucleo-olivary pathway suppresses both synaptic transmission and background activity in the olive. When conditioned blink responses develop, the blink-related part of the olive is inhibited. When the nucleo-olivary pathway is interrupted, there is a corresponding increase in complex spike discharge in Purkinje cells followed by a strong suppression of simple spike firing. Stimulation of the pathway has the opposite results. It is concluded that the nucleo-olivary fibers are inhibitory and that they form a number of independent feedback loops, each one specific for a microcomplex, in a system that regulates cerebellar learning as well as spontaneous activity in the cerebello-olivocerebellar circuit. Besides these inhibitory effects, it has been argued that the nucleo-olivary pathway regulates electrotonic coupling between olivary cells.

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Acknowledgments

Fredrik Bengtsson’s work was supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Grant (R01 NS-040863), The Hand Embodied (THE) (an Integrated Project funded by the EU under FP7, project no. 248587), the Swedish Research Council (project no. K2005-04X-14780-03A and K2006-04X-08291-19-3), the Segerfalk Foundation, and the Medical Faculty at Lund University.

Germund Hesslow’s work was supported by grants from the Swedish Research Council to The Linnaeus Centre for Cognition, Communication and Learning at Lund University (349-2007-8695) and (09899) and the Krapperup, Söderberg, and Åhlen foundations.

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  1. Department of Experimental Medical Science, Division for Neuroscience, University of Lund, BMC F10, Tornavägen 10, Lund, SE-22184, Sweden

    Dr. Fredrik Bengtsson Ph.D.

  2. Department of Experimental Medical Science, Section for Neuroscience, University of Lund, Box 117, Lund, 22100, Sweden

    Prof. Germund Hesslow

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Correspondence to Fredrik Bengtsson Ph.D. .

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  1. Unité d'Etude du Mouvement (UEM), FNRS, Neurologie ULB Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Mario Manto

  2. Ataxia Unit, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  3. Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy

    Ferdinando Rossi

  4. Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND), The Scripps Research Institute, California, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  5. Department of Integrative Physiolgy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

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Bengtsson, F., Hesslow, G. (2013). Feedback Control in the Olivo-Cerebellar Loop. In: Manto, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Rossi, F., Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N. (eds) Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_45

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