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Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders pp 23–41Cite as

Proneural Genes and Cerebellar Neurogenesis in the Ventricular Zone and Upper Rhombic Lip

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Abstract

The cerebellar primordium arises between embryonic days 8.5 and 9.5 from dorsal rhombomere 1, adjacent to the fourth ventricle. Cerebellar patterning requires the concerted action of morphogens secreted by the rhombic lip and roof plate, and leads to the formation of two main neurogenetic centers, the upper rhombic lip and ventricular zone, from which glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons arise, respectively. These territories contain gene expression microdomains that are partially overlapping and, among others, express proneural genes. This gene family is tightly conserved in evolution and encodes basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors implicated in many neurogenetic events, ranging from cell-fate specification to terminal differentiation of a variety of neuronal types across the embryonic nervous system. The present paper deals with the established or suggested roles of proneural genes in cerebellar neurogenesis. Of the proneural genes examined in this chapter, Atoh1 plays a quintessential role in the specification and development of granule cells and other cerebellar glutamatergic neurons. Besides playing key roles at early stages in these early developmental events, Atoh1 is a key player in the clonal expansion of GC progenitors of the external granule layer. NeuroD, formerly regarded as a proneural gene, acts as a master gene in granule cell differentiation, survival, and dendrite formation. Ascl1 participates in GABA interneuron and cerebellar nuclei neurons generation, and suppresses astrogliogenesis. Conversely, little is known to date about the role(s) of Neurog1 and Neurog2 in cerebellar neurogenesis, and a combination of loss- and gain-of-function studies is required to elucidate their role, if any, in cerebellar neurogenesis.

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Acknowledgments

Giacomo Consalez’ research has been supported by grants from Ataxia UK, Compagnia di San Paolo, the EU (EuroSyStem), and the Berlucchi Foundation. Further support has come from the Stayton family in honor of Dr. Chester A. Stayton of Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. This review is dedicated to his cherished memory.

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  1. Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, Milan, 20132, Italy

    Dr. G. Giacomo Consalez, Marta Florio, Luca Massimino & Dr. Laura Croci

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  1. Dr. G. Giacomo Consalez
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  2. Marta Florio
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  3. Luca Massimino
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  4. Dr. Laura Croci
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Correspondence to G. Giacomo Consalez .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Unité d'Etude du Mouvement (UEM), FNRS, Neurologie ULB Erasme, Bruxelles, Belgium

    Mario Manto

  2. Ataxia Unit, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Jeremy D. Schmahmann

  3. Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri-Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO), University of Turin, Orbassano, Turin, Italy

    Ferdinando Rossi

  4. Molecular and Integrative Neuroscience Department (MIND), The Scripps Research Institute, California, CA, USA

    Donna L. Gruol

  5. Department of Integrative Physiolgy, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma, Japan

    Noriyuki Koibuchi

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Consalez, G.G., Florio, M., Massimino, L., Croci, L. (2013). Proneural Genes and Cerebellar Neurogenesis in the Ventricular Zone and Upper Rhombic Lip. In: Manto, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Rossi, F., Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N. (eds) Handbook of the Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1333-8_2

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