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Neurobiology of Addiction

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Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives

Abstract

Chronic drug intake (including alcohol) has profound neurotoxic and neuroadaptive consequences on neurotransmitter systems and brain circuitries that are strongly involved in learning and memory. Neuroadaptive alterations within these systems can contribute to addiction development and maintenance. Current brain-imaging studies identified neural correlates of behavioral processes that play a key role in addiction, such as cue-induced craving or automatic action tendencies. Such neurobiological findings reflect neuroadaptations to chronic drug intake, to further environmental as well as genetic factors and serve as dispositional factors for the maintenance of addictive behavior patterns. In this chapter, we describe neurobiological theories of addiction development and maintenance with a focus on motivational alterations and their neurobiological correlates as revealed by current neuroimaging studies in alcohol dependence. We discuss findings that assess alterations in reward anticipation and processing and their respective effects on learning mechanisms that are known to be implied in alcohol dependence. A better understanding of neural processes directly associated with the development and maintenance of addiction can help to improve prevention programs as well as therapeutic and specifically pharmacological interventions in the treatment of addicted patients.

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Abbreviations

5-HTT:

Serotonin transporter

ACC:

Anterior cingulate cortex

ADH:

Alcohol dehydrogenase

ALDH:

Aldehyde dehydrogenase

CNS:

Central nervous system

CS:

Conditioned stimulus

dlPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

DRD2:

D2 receptors

EEG:

Electroencephalogram

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

GABA:

Gamma-aminobutyric acid

GHB Acid:

Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid

HPA:

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal

ICD-10:

International classification of diseases 10th revision

MID task:

Monetary incentive delay task

mPFC:

Medial prefrontal cortex

MRI:

Magnetic resonance imaging

ms:

Milliseconds

NAcc:

Nucleus accumbens

NMDA:

N-methyl-D-aspartate

OFC:

Orbitofrontal cortex

PET:

Positron emission tomography

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

SSRIs:

Selective serotonergic reuptake inhibitors

US:

Unconditioned stimulus

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

WHO:

World Health Organization

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Acknowledgment

This work was supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, FOR 1617: grants HE2597/14-1 and ZI1119/3-1).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Mitte, Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Germany

    Miriam Sebold, Maria Garbusow, Christian A. Müller & Katrin Charlet

  2. Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin Charité Campus Mitte Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, 10117, Germany

    Andreas Heinz

Authors
  1. Miriam Sebold
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  2. Maria Garbusow
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  3. Christian A. Müller
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  4. Katrin Charlet
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  5. Andreas Heinz
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Miriam Sebold or Maria Garbusow .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Alberta Gambling Research Institute University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada

    Nady el-Guebaly

  2. Faculty of Brain Sciences UCL Division of Psychiatry, University College London, London, United Kingdom

    Giuseppe Carrà

  3. Division of Alcoholism & Drug Abuse, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA

    Marc Galanter

Glossary of Terms

Action-outcome/Goal-directed Learning

Instrumental actions that are acquired through response-outcome associations. Goal-directed actions are performed with the intention of obtaining the goal. Goal-directed actions are sensitive to devaluation/revaluation.

Devaluation

A psychological design for the assessment of stimulus-triggered (habitual) responding. Animals are trained to perform two responses, one for each of two different rewards. One reward is then devalued by associating it with bad taste (via quinine), sickness (lithium chloride), or satiety (via pre-feeding). When given the opportunity to perform the instrumental responses again in extinction, the responses for the devalued reward should be selectively diminished, in case actions are controlled by outcome expectancy. Instead, when actions are stimulus-driven (thus habitual), actions for the devalued reward should not be altered.

Incentive

A stimulus that promotes approach to a reward as a result of predictive associations with this reward. Incentives serve as motivational devices as they facilitate and energize behavior that has been associated with the reward. Incentives may acquire activational properties, which amplify the incentive properties of other incentive stimuli that occur concurrently, but are not necessarily related to the reward.

Liking

Emotional affective value of reward that has hedonic impact and causes feelings of pleasure. In addiction research, self-reported measure of hedonia has been used as a proxy for liking.

Pavlovian conditioning (Classical conditioning)

Associative learning, in which the conditioned stimulus (CS), comes to signal the occurrence of a second stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus (US), which elicits conditioned responses.

Reinforcer

A stimulus that increases the probability of a desired response. In contrast to incentives, reinforcers elicit responding on the basis of their contingency with actions (instrumental conditioning).

Revaluation

A psychological design for the assessment of stimulus-triggered (habitual) responding. The procedure is the same as in the devaluation procedure, except that the value of the (e.g., food) reward is increased, for example, by food deprivation of the animal. When actions are controlled by outcome expectancy, the selection of the revalued stimuli should be selectively increased. However, when actions are stimulus-driven (thus habitual), selection of the revalued reward should not be altered.

Reward

A class of unconditioned motivational stimuli, which elicit pleasure and hedonic feelings that can act as positive reinforcers.

Sensitization

A phenomenon that describes progressive amplification of responses after repeated administrations of a specific stimulus. Repeated administration of drugs may cause an enhancement of a directly elicited drug effect, i.e., sensitization. In animals, locomotor activity often functions as a measure for sensitization.

Stimulus-Response/Habitual Learning

Instrumental responses that are acquired through the association of actions with stimuli. Habitual actions thus reflect the execution of stimulus-response associations. Habitual actions are enabled by particular stimulus configurations and thus insensitive to devaluation/revaluation. Habitual behavior comprises features of automaticity such as speed, autonomy, lack of control, and absence of conscious awareness.

Wanting

Motivational value of reward that has decision utility. In addiction research, craving for the positive effects of drugs have been used as a proxy for wanting.

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Sebold, M., Garbusow, M., Müller, C.A., Charlet, K., Heinz, A. (2015). Neurobiology of Addiction. In: el-Guebaly, N., Carrà, G., Galanter, M. (eds) Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_2

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