Skip to main content

Nutrients, Phytomedicines, and Mind-Body Treatments for Substance Abuse

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

Substance abuse programs continue to search for nonpharmacological treatments to assist patients during withdrawal and for relapse prevention. The craving, dysphoria, insomnia, and discomfort that drive addictions cannot be adequately treated with pharmacological agents which may be addictive or contraindicated due to comorbid conditions. The treatment of addictions is often complicated by physical pain; poor nutrition; emotional disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder; and medical problems such as traumatic brain injury, neurological deterioration, lung disease, liver disease, and HIV. Nutrients, herbs, and mind-body practices that ameliorate physical and psychological aspects of addiction as well as its medical complications are gaining acceptance commensurate with their growing evidence base.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   339.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2007) S-adenosyl-l-methionine for treatment of depression, osteoarthritis, and liver disease. Summary, evidence report/technology assessment: number 64. AHRQ publication no. 02-E033, August 2002. http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/epcsums/samesum.htm. Retrieved 8 Oct 2007

  • Akhondzadeh S, Kashani L, Mobaseri M, Hosseini SH, Nikzad S, Khani M (2001) Passionflower in the treatment of opiates withdrawal: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Pharm Ther 26(5):369–373

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Alpert JE, Papakostas G, Mischoulon D, Worthington JJ 3rd, Petersen T, Mahal Y, Burns A, Bottiglieri T, Nierenberg AA, Fava M (2004) S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as an adjunct for resistant major depressive disorder: an open trial following partial or nonresponse to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine. J Clin Psychopharmacol 24(6):661–664

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Altura BM, Altura BT (1999) Association of alcohol in brain injury, headaches, and stroke with brain-tissue and serum levels of ionized magnesium: a review of recent findings and mechanisms of action. Alcohol 19(2):119–130

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arciniegas DB (2003) The cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive impairment caused by traumatic brain injury. Curr Psychiatry Rev 5(5):391

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashare RL, Sinha R, Lampert R, Weinberger AH, Anderson GM, Lavery ME, Yanagisawa K, McKee SA (2012) Blunted vagal reactivity predicts stress-precipitated tobacco smoking. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 220(2):259–268. doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2473-3

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard MS, Sun M, Ko J (2012) Vitamin A, folate, and choline as a possible preventive intervention to fetal alcohol syndrome. Med Hypotheses 78(4):489–493. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbour RL, Gebrewold A, Altura BT, Altura BM (2002) Optical spectroscopy and prevention of deleterious cerebral vascular effects of ethanol by magnesium ions. Eur J Pharmacol 447(1):79–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattacharya SK (1994) Nootropic effect of BR-16A (Mentat), a psychotropic herbal formulation, on cognitive deficits induced by prenatal undernutrition, postnatal environmental impoverishment and hypoxia in rats. Indian J Exp Biol 32(1):31–36

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottiglieri T (2002) S-Adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe): from the bench to the bedside–molecular basis of a pleiotropic molecule. Am J Clin Nutr 76(5):1151S–1157S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bottiglieri T (2013) Folate, B12 and S-adenosylmethionine. Psychiatr Clin N Am March 36(1):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL (2009) Yoga breathing, meditation, and longevity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1172:54–62. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04394.x

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL (2012) The healing power of the breath. Simple techniques to reduce stress and anxiety, enhance concentration, and balance your emotions. Shambhala Publications, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL (2005) Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part I-neurophysiologic model. J Altern Complement Med 11(1):189–201. doi:10.1089/acm.2005.11.189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL, Bottiglieri T (2002) S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) for depression: biochemical and clinical evidence. Psychiatr Ann 32(1):29–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL, Muskin PR (2009) How to use herbs, nutrients, and yoga in mental health care. W. W. Norton, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RP, Gerbarg PL, Muench F (2013) Breathing practices for the treatment of psychiatric and stress-related medical conditions. Psychiatr Clin N Am March 36(1):121–140

    Google Scholar 

  • Busch V, Magerl W, Kern U, Haas J, Hajak G, Eichhammer P (2012) The effect of deep and slow breathing on pain perception, autonomic activity, and mood processing – an experimental study. Pain Med 13(2):215–228. doi:10.1111/j.1526-4637.2011.01243.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Buydens-Branchey L, Branchey M (2006) n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease anxiety feelings in a population of substance abusers. J Clin Psychopharmacol 26(6):661–665

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese P, Perrault H, Dinh TP, Eberhard A, Benchetrit G (2000) Cardiorespiratory interactions during resistive load breathing. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 279(6):R2208–R2213

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Calabrese V, Scapagnini G, Ravagna A, Fariello RG, Giuffrida Stella AM, Abraham NG (2002) Regional distribution of heme oxygenase, HSP70, and glutathione in brain: relevance for endogenous oxidant/antioxidant balance and stress tolerance. J Neurosci Res 68(1):65–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cao Q, Mak KM, Lieber CS (2006) DLPC and SAMe prevent alpha1(I) collagen mRNA up-regulation in human hepatic stellate cells, whether caused by leptin or menadione. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 350(1):50–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cederbaum AI (2010) Hepatoprotective effects of S-adenosyl-l-methionine against alcohol- and cytochrome P450 2E1-induced liver injury. World J Gastroenterol 16(11):1366–1376

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chang LR, Lin YH, Kuo TB, Ho YC, Chen SH, Chang HCW, Liu CM, Yang CC (2012) Cardiac autonomic modulation during methadone therapy among heroin users: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 37(1):188–193. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.01.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chen KW, Comerford A, Shinnick P, Ziedonis DM (2010) Introducing qigong meditation into residential addiction treatment: a pilot study where gender makes a difference. J Altern Complement Med 16(8):875–882. doi:10.1089/acm.2009.0443

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cibin M, Gentile N, Ferri M (1988) S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) is effective in reducing ethanol abuse in an outpatient program for alcoholics. In: Kuriyama K, Takada A, Ishii M (eds) Biomedical and social aspects of alcohol and alcoholism. Proceedings of the 4th Congress. Elsevier Science Publishers, BV, Amsterdam, pp 357–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooney CA, Wise CK, Poirier LA, Ali SF (1998) Methamphetamine treatment affects blood and liver S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) in mice. Correlation with dopamine depletion in the striatum. Ann N Y Acad Sci 844:191–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das UN (2006) Fetal alcohol syndrome and essential fatty acids. PLoS Med 3(5):e247, author reply e248

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Das SK, Balakrishnan V, Vasudevan DM (2006) Alcohol: its health and social impact in India. Natl Med J India 19(2):94–99

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dhawan K, Dhawan S, Chhabra S (2003) Attenuation of benzodiazepine dependence in mice by a tri-substituted benzoflavone moiety of Passiflora incarnata Linneaus: a non-habit forming anxiolytic. J Pharm Pharm Sci 6(2):215–222

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dimeff LA, Linehan MM (2008) Dialectical behavior therapy for substance abusers. Addict Sci Clin Pract 4(2):39–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Di Rocco A, Rogers JD, Brown R, Werner P, Bottiglier T (2000) S-adenosyl-methionine improves depression in patients with Parkinson’s disease in an open-label clinical trail. Mov Disord 15(6):1225–1229

    Google Scholar 

  • Elibero A, Janse Van Rensburg K, Drobes DJ (2011) Acute effects of aerobic exercise and Hatha yoga on craving to smoke. Nicotine Tob Res 13(11):1140–1148. doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr163

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbarg PL (2008) Yoga and neuro-psychoanalysis. In: Anderson FS (ed) Bodies in treatment: the unspoken dimension. The Analytic Press, Hillsdale, pp 127–150

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray KM, Watson NL, Carpenter MJ, Larowe SD (2010) N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in young marijuana users: an open-label pilot study. Am J Addict 19(2):187–189. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2009.00027.x

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gray KM, Carpenter MJ, Baker NL, Desantis SM, Kryway E, Hartwell KJ, McRae-Clark AL, Brady KT (2012) A double-blind randomized controlled trial of N-acetylcysteine in cannabis-dependent adolescents. Am J Psychiatry. Aug 1;169(8):805–812. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010055

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haaga DA, Grosswald S, Gaylord-King C, Rainforth M, Tanner M, Travis F, Nidich S, Schneider RH (2011) Effects of the transcendental meditation program on substance use among university students. Cardiol Res Pract 2011:537101. doi:10.4061/2011/537101

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Halsted CH (2013) B-Vitamin dependent methionine metabolism and alcoholic liver disease. Clin Chem Lab Med 51(3):457–465. doi:10.1515/cclm-2012-0308

    Google Scholar 

  • Halsted CH, Medici V (2012) Aberrant hepatic methionine metabolism and gene methylation in the pathogenesis and treatment of alcoholic steatohepatitis. Int J Hepatol 2012:959746. doi:10.1155/2012/959746

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henry BL, Minassian A, Perry W (2012) Effect of methamphetamine dependence on heart rate variability. Addict Biol 17(3):648–658. doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00270.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Horrocks LA, Yeo YK (1999) Health benefits of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Pharmacol Res 40(3):211–225. doi:10.1006/phrs.1999.0495

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hote PT, Sahoo R, Jani TS, Ghare SS, Chen T, Joshi-Barve S, McClain CJ, Barve SS (2008) Ethanol inhibits methionine adenosyltransferase II activity and S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and enhances caspase-3-dependent cell death in T lymphocytes: relevance to alcohol-induced immunosuppression. J Nutr Biochem 19(6):384–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Ieraci A, Herrera DG (2006) Nicotinamide protects against ethanol-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing mouse brain. PLoS Med 3(4):e101. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030101

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ikeda H (1977) Effects of taurine on alcohol withdrawal. Lancet 2(8036):509

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jang MH, Shin MC, Kim YJ, Chung JH, Yim SV, Kim EH, Kim Y, Kim CJ (2001) Protective effects of puerariae flos against ethanol-induced apoptosis on human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Jpn J Pharmacol 87(4):338–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khalsa SB, Khalsa GS, Khalsa HK, Khalsa MK (2008) Evaluation of a residential Kundalini yoga lifestyle pilot program for addiction in India. J Ethn Subst Abuse 7(1):67–79. doi:10.1080/15332640802081968

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsch DL, Nichols F (2013) Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) for treatment of anxiety, depression and insomnia. Psychiatr Clin N Am March 36(1):169–176

    Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni SK, Ninan I (1997) Inhibition of morphine tolerance and dependence by Withania somnifera in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 57:213–217

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lange H, Suryapranata H, De Luca G, Borner C, Dille J, Kallmayer K, Pasalary MN, Scherer E, Dambrink JH (2004) Folate therapy and in-stent restenosis after coronary stenting. N Engl J Med 350(26):2673–2681. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • LaRowe SD, Myrick H, Hedden S, Mardikian P, Saladin M, McRae A, Brady K, Kalivas PW, Malcolm R (2007) Is cocaine desire reduced by N-acetylcysteine? Am J Psychiatry 164(7):1115–1117. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.7.1115

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen S, Sherlin L (2013) Neurofeedback: an emerging technology for treating CNS dysregulation. Psychiatr Clin N Am March 36(1):163–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee CY, Wang JY, Chen TC, Jiang JK, Peng CH, Kuo CD, Chang WC, Chiu JH, Wu CW (2011) Effects of S/B remedy containing Scutellaria baicalensis and Bupleurum scorzonerifolfium on hepatic interleukin-6 related signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation in mice through cell-cell interaction. Biol Pharm Bull 34(5):727–733

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Chen K, Mo Z (2002) Use of qigong therapy in the detoxification of heroin addicts. Altern Ther Health Med 8(1):50–54, 56–59

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Libby DJ, Worhunsky PD, Pilver CE, Brewer JA (2012) Meditation-induced changes in high-frequency heart rate variability predict smoking outcomes. Front Hum Neurosci 6:54. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00054

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber CS (2002) S-adenosyl-l-methionine: its role in the treatment of liver disorders. Am J Clin Nutr 76(5):1183S–1187S

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lieber CS, Casini A, DeCarli LM, Kim CI, Lowe N, Sasaki R, Leo MA (1990) S-adenosyl-l-methionine attenuates alcohol-induced liver injury in the baboon. Hepatology 11(2):165–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lukas SE, Penetar D, Berko J, Vicens L, Palmer C, Mallya G, Macklin EA, Lee DY (2005) An extract of the Chinese herbal root kudzu reduces alcohol drinking by heavy drinkers in a naturalistic setting. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 29(5):756–762

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mangano NG, Clementi G, Costantino G, Calvani M, Matera M (2000) Effect of acetyl-l-carnitine on ethanol consumption and alcohol abstinence syndrome in rats. Drugs Exp Clin Res 26(1):7–12

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mardikian PN, LaRowe SD, Hedden S, Kalivas PW, Malcolm RJ (2007) An open-label trial of N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of cocaine dependence: a pilot study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 31(2):389–394. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.10.001

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Margolin A, Kantak K, Copenhaver M, Avants SK (2003) A preliminary, controlled investigation of magnesium l-aspartate hydrochloride for illicit cocaine and opiate use in methadone-maintained patients. J Addict Dis 22(2):49–61. doi:10.1300/J069v22n02_04

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mato JM, Camara J, Fernandez de Paz J, Caballeria L, Coll S, Caballero A, Garcia-Buey L, Beltran J, Benita V, Caballeria J, Sola R, Moreno-Otero R, Barrao F, Martin-Duce A, Correa JA, Pares A, Barrao E, Garcia-Magaz I, Puerta JL, Moreno J, Boissard G, Ortiz P, Rodes J (1999) S-adenosylmethionine in alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. J Hepatol 30(6):1081–1089

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Medici V, Virata MC, Peerson JM, Stabler SP, French SW, Gregory JF 3rd, Albanese A, Bowlus CL, Devaraj S, Panacek EA, Richards JR, Halsted CH (2011) S-adenosyl-l-methionine treatment for alcoholic liver disease: a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35(11):1960–1965. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01547.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monk BR, Leslie FM, Thomas JD (2012) The effects of perinatal choline supplementation on hippocampal cholinergic development in rats exposed to alcohol during the brain growth spurt. Hippocampus 22(8):1750–1757. doi:10.1002/hipo.22009

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morse NL (2012) Benefits of docosahexaenoic acid, folic acid, vitamin D and iodine on foetal and infant brain development and function following maternal supplementation during pregnancy and lactation. Nutrients 4(7):799–840. doi:10.3390/nu4070799

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navder KP, Baraona E, Lieber CS (1997) Polyenylphosphatidylcholine attenuates alcohol-induced fatty liver and hyperlipidemia in rats. J Nutr 127(9):1800–1806

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nechifor M (2008) Interactions between magnesium and psychotropic drugs. Magnes Res 21(2):97–100

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nechifor M, Chelarescu D, Mandreci I, Cartas N (2004) Magnesium influence on nicotine pharmacodependence and smoking. Magnes Res 17(3):176–181

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neese S, La Grange L, Trujillo E, Romero D (2004) The effects of ethanol and silymarin treatment during gestation on spatial working memory. BMC Complement Altern Med 4:4

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nespor K (2005) Yoga for treatment of substance abuse (Electronic Version). Yoga Magazine: n.p., http:yogamag.net/archives/2000/6nov/yogadds.shtml, Retrieved on 10 May 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliva J, Bardag-Gorce F, Li J, French BA, French SW (2011) S-adenosylmethionine prevents the up regulation of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling caused by chronic ethanol feeding in rats. Exp Mol Pathol 90(3):239–243. doi:10.1016/j.yexmp.2011.01.005

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Osman E, Owen JS, Burroughs AK (1993) Review article: S-adenosyl-l-methionine – a new therapeutic agent in liver disease? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 7(1):21–28

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Papakostas GI, Mischoulon D, Shyu I, Alpert JE, Fava M (2010) S-adenosyl methionine (SAMe) augmentation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for antidepressant nonresponders with major depressive disorder: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 167(8):942–948. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rambaldi A, Gluud C (2006) S-adenosyl-l-methionine for alcoholic liver diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2:CD002235. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002235.pub2

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rambaldi A, Jacobs BP, Gluud C (2007) Cochrane Database Syst Rev 4:CD003620

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaffer HJ, LaSalvia TA, Stein JP (1997) Comparing Hatha yoga with dynamic group psychotherapy for enhancing methadone maintenance treatment: a randomized clinical trial. Altern Ther Health Med 3(4):57–66

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shahab L, Sarkar BK, West R (2012) The acute effects of yogic breathing exercises on craving and withdrawal symptoms in abstaining smokers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). Feb, 225(4):875–882. doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2876-9

    Google Scholar 

  • Shebek J, Rindone JP (2000) A pilot study exploring the effect of kudzu root on the drinking habits of patients with chronic alcoholism. J Altern Complement Med 6(1):45–48

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shippy RA, Mendez D, Jones K, Cergnul I, Karpiak SE (2004) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS. BMC Psychiatry 4:38. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-4-38

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silver JM, Arciniegas DB, Yudofsky SC (2005) Chapter 34: Psychopharmacology. In: Silver JM, McAllistar TW, Yudofsky SC (eds) Textbook of traumatic brain injury. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, pp 624–626

    Google Scholar 

  • Smelson D, Chen KW, Ziedonis D, Andes K, Lennox A, Callahan L, Rodrigues S, Eisenberg D (2012) A pilot study of qigong for reducing cocaine craving early in recovery. J Altern Complement Med 19(2):97–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Streeter CC, Gerbarg PL, Saper RB, Ciraulo DA, Brown RP (2012) Effects of yoga on the autonomic nervous system, gamma-aminobutyric-acid, and allostasis in epilepsy, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Med Hypotheses 78(5):571–579. doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2012.01.021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Strous RD, Ritsner MS, Adler S, Ratner Y, Maayan R, Kotler M, Lachman H, Weizman A (2009) Improvement of aggressive behavior and quality of life impairment following S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM-e) augmentation in schizophrenia. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 19(1):14–22. doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.08.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun QF, Ding JG, Wang XF, Fu RQ, Yang JX, Hong L, Xu XJ, Wang JR, Wu JG, Xu DZ (2010) Efficacy and safety of intravenous stronger neo-minophagen C and S-adenosyl-l-methionine in treatment of pregnant woman with chronic hepatitis B: a pilot study. Med Sci Monit 16(8):PR9–PR14

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tempesta E, Troncon R, Janiri L, Colusso L, Riscica P, Saraceni G, Gesmundo E, Calvani M, Benedetti N, Pola P (1990) Role of acetyl-l-carnitine in the treatment of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholism. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 10(1–2):101–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas JD, Garrison M, O’Neill TM (2004) Perinatal choline supplementation attenuates behavioral alterations associated with neonatal alcohol exposure in rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 26(1):35–45. doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2003.10.002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tomczyk M, Zovko-Koncic M, Chrostek L (2012) Phytotherapy of alcoholism. Nat Prod Commun 7(2):273–280

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torta R, Zanalda F, Rocca P et al (1988) Inhibitory activity of S-adenosyl-l-methionine on serum gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase increase induced by psychodrugs and anticonvulsants. Curr Ther Res 44:144–159

    Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi BT (1999) A clinical trial on Mentat. Probe XXXVIII(4):226

    Google Scholar 

  • Vedamurthachar A, Janakiramaiah N, Hegde JM, Shetty TK, Subbakrishna DK, Sureshbabu SV, Gangadhar BN (2006) Antidepressant efficacy and hormonal effects of Sudarshan Kriya Yoga (SKY) in alcohol dependent individuals. J Affect Disord 94(1–3):249–253

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villalta J, Estruch R, Antunez E, Valls J, Urbano-Marquez A (1989) Vagal neuropathy in chronic alcoholics: relation to ethanol consumption. Alcohol Alcohol 24(5):421–428

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wainwright PE, Huang YS, Simmons V, Mills DE, Ward RP, Ward GR, Winfield D, McCutcheon D (1990) Effects of prenatal ethanol and long-chain n-3 fatty acid supplementation on development in mice. 2. Fatty acid composition of brain membrane phospholipids. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 14(3):413–420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward J, Rosenbaum C, Hernon C, McCurdy CR, Boyer EW (2011) Herbal medicines for the management of opioid addiction: safe and effective alternatives to conventional pharmacotherapy? CNS Drugs 25(12):999–1007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watanabe A, Hobara N, Nagashima H (1985) Lowering of liver acetaldehyde but not ethanol concentrations by pretreatment with taurine in ethanol-loaded rats. Experientia 41(11):1421–1422

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Westbrook C, Creswell JD, Tabibnia G, Julson E, Kober H, Tindle HA (2011) Mindful attention reduces neural and self-reported cue-induced craving in smokers. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 8(1):73–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Witkiewitz K, Lustyk MK, Bowen S (2012) Retraining the addicted brain: a review of hypothesized neurobiological mechanisms of mindfulness-based relapse prevention. Psychol Addict Behav 27(2):351–365

    Google Scholar 

  • Yadav S, Dhawan A, Sethi H, Chopra A (2006) Effect of AOL breathing process on heroin users. In: Proceedings world conference on expanding paradigms: science, consciousness & spirituality, 24–25 Feb 2006. AIIMS, New Delhi, pp 169–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Yen MH, Weng TC, Liu SY, Chai CY, Lin CC (2005) The hepatoprotective effect of Bupleurum kaoi, an endemic plant to Taiwan, against dimethylnitrosamine-induced hepatic fibrosis in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 28(3):442–448

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Patricia L. Gerbarg .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Italia

About this entry

Cite this entry

Brown, R.P., Gerbarg, P.L. (2015). Nutrients, Phytomedicines, and Mind-Body Treatments for Substance Abuse. In: el-Guebaly, N., Carrà, G., Galanter, M. (eds) Textbook of Addiction Treatment: International Perspectives. Springer, Milano. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_109

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-88-470-5322-9_109

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Milano

  • Print ISBN: 978-88-470-5321-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-88-470-5322-9

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics