Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft pp 1–22Cite as

Gruppen und Beziehungen im Sport

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:

  • 1968 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Gruppen und Beziehungen sind konstitutiv für das Handeln im Sport. Das Ziel dieses Beitrages ist es daher, gruppen- und beziehungsbezogene Prozesse im Sport zu beleuchten. Hierzu werden zunächst zentrale Begriffe definiert und verschiedene Gruppen- und Beziehungsstrukturen erläutert. Daraufhin werden ausgewählte gruppen- und beziehungsbezogene Prozesse dargestellt und Ansatzstellen zur Prozessregulation aufgezeigt. Zusammen mit Hinweisen auf Spezifika von Forschungsmethoden zur Untersuchung von Gruppen und Beziehungen können schließlich Perspektiven für Forschung und Praxis abgeleitet werden.

Dieser Beitrag ist Teil der Sektion Sportpsychologie, herausgegeben vom Teilherausgeber Dieter Hackfort, innerhalb des Handbuchs Sport und Sportwissenschaft, herausgegeben von Arne Güllich und Michael Krüger.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Literatur

  • Admiraal, W., Huizenga, J., Akkerman, S., & ten Dam, G. (2011). The concept of flow in collaborative game-based learning. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(3), 1185–1194.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yaaribi, A., & Kavussanu, M. (2017). Teammate prosocial and antisocial behaviors predict task cohesion and burnout: The mediating role of affect. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 39, 199–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Yaaribi, A., Kavussanu, M., & Ring, C. (2016). Consequences of prosocial and antisocial behavior for the recipient. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 26, 102–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Apitzsch, E. (2006). Collective collapse in team sports: A theoretical approach. In F. Boen, B. de Cuyper & J. Opdenacker (Hrsg.), Current research topics in exercise and sport psychology in Europe (S. 35–46). Leuven: Lannoo Campus Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, A. C. (2008). The fragility of group flow. The experiences of two small groups in a middle school mathematics classroom. The Journal of Mathematical Behavior, 27(2), 101–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baacke, D. (1973). Kommunikation und Kompetenz. München: Juventa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker, A. B., Oerlemans, W., Demerouti, E., Slot, B. B., & Ali, D. K. (2011). Flow and performance. A study among talented dutch soccer players. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 12(4), 442–450.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy. The exercise of control. New York: Freeman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barsade, S. G. (2002). The ripple effect: Emotional contagion and its influence on group behavior. Administrative Science Quarterly, 47(4), 644–675.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, B. M. (1960). Leadership, psychology and organisational behaviour. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, M. R., & Dunlop, W. L. (2014). Social identity theory. In R. C. Eklund & G. Tenenbaum (Hrsg.), Encyclopedia of sport and exercise psychology (S. 692–694). Los Angeles: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauchamp, M. R., Bray, S. R., Eys, M. A., & Carron, A. V. (2002). Role ambiguity, role efficacy, and role performance: Multidimensional and mediational relationships within interdependent sport teams. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(3), 229–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boss, M., & Kleinert, J. (2015). Explaining social contagion in sport applying Heider’s balance theory: First experimental results. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 16(3), 160–169.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boszormenyi-Nagy, I., & Krasner, B. R. (1980). Trust-based therapy: A contextual approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 137(7), 767–775.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bray, S. R. (2004). Collective efficacy, group goals, and group performance of a muscular endurance task. Small Group Research, 35, 230–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, F. (1979). Psychologische Beratung und Therapie in der Praxis. Heidelberg: Quelle & Meyer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruner, M. W., Boardley, I. D., & Côté, J. (2014). Social identity and prosocial and antisocial behavior in youth sport. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 15(1), 56–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bühner, M., & Ziegler, M. (2009). Statistik für Psychologen und Sozialwissenschaftler. München: Perason Studium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke, S. M., Carron, A. V., & Shapcott, K. M. (2008). Cohesion in exercise groups: An overview. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 1(2), 107–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke, S. M., Shapcott, K. M., Carron, A. V., Bradshaw, M. H., & Estabrooks, P. A. (2010). Group goal setting and group performance in a physical activity context. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(3), 245–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campo, M., Mellalieu, S., Ferrand, C., Martinent, G., & Rosnet, E. (2012). Emotions in team contact sports: A systematic review. The Sport Psychologist, 26(1), 62–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carron, A. V., & Brawley, L. R. (2000). Cohesion. Conceptual and measurement issues. Small Group Research, 31, 89–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carron, A. V., & Chelladurai, P. (1981). Cohesiveness as a factor in sport performance. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 16(2), 21–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carron, A. V., & Eys, M. A. (2012). Group dynamics in sport (4. Aufl.). Morgantown: Fitness Information Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carron, A. V., Eys, M. A., & Burke, S. M. (2007). Team cohesion. Nature, correlates, and development. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Hrsg.), Social psychology in sport (S. 91–101). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, Z., Wang, D., Wang, K., Ronkainen, N., & Huang, T. (2016). Effects of coaching style on prosocial and antisocial behavior among Chinese athletes. Social Behavior and Personality, 44(11), 1889–1900.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clauß, G. (1976). Wörterbuch der Psychologie. Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. E. A., Ejsmond-Frey, R., Knight, N., & Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010). Rowers’ high: Behavioural synchrony is correlated with elevated pain thresholds. Biology Letters, 6(1), 106–108.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, J. D., & Schmidt, L. D. (1983). Development and validation of revisions in the Counselor Rating Form. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 30(1), 64–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Culbertson, S. S., Fullagar, C. J., Simmons, M. J., & Zhu, M. (2015). Contagious flow. Antecedents and consequences of optimal experience in the classroom. Journal of Management Education, 39(3), 319–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dale, G. A., & Wrisberg, C. A. (1996). The use of a performance profiling technique in a team setting: Getting the athletes and coach on the „same page“. The Sport Psychologist, 10(3), 261–277.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, N. (1998). Prosocial development. In Social, emotional, and personality development. Vol. 3. Handbook of child psychology (S. 701–778). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erickson, K., Côté, J., & Horn, T. (2015). The intervention tone of coaches’ behaviour: Development of the Assessment of Coaching Tone (ACT) observational coding system. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 10(4), 699–716.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, M. B., Eys, M. A., & Bruner, M. W. (2012). Seeing the „we“ in „me“ sports: The need to consider individual sport team environments. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 53(4), 301–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fiedler, F. E. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: MacGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fifer, A. M., Henschen, K. P., Gould, D., & Ravizza, K. (2008). What works when working with athletes. The Sport Psychologist, 22, 356–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forsyth, D. R. (2014). Group dynamics (6. Aufl.). Belmont: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, K., Kleinert, J., Dithurbide, L., Vanbeselaere, N., & Boen, F. (2014). Collective efficacy or team outcome confidence? Development and validation of the Observational Collective Efficacy Scale for Sports (OCESS). International Journal of Sport Psychology, 45, 121–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, K., Haslam, S. A., Steffens, N. K., Vanbeselaere, N., de Cuyper, B., & Boen, F. (2015). Believing in „us“. Exploring leaders’ capacity to enhance team confidence and performance by building a sense of shared social identity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 21(1), 89–100.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gaggioli, A., Milani, L., Mazzoni, E., & Riva, G. (2011). Networked Flow. A framework for understanding the dynamics of creative collaboration in educational and training settings. The Open Education Journal, 4, 41–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaggioli, A., Mazzoni, E., Milani, L., & Riva, G. (2015). The creative link. Investigating the relationship between social network indices, creative performance and flow in blended teams. Computers in Human Behavior, 42, 157–166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gehm, T. (1994). Kommunikation im Beruf. Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbs, P. M., Marchant, D. B., & Andersen, M. B. (2017). Development of a clinical sport projective assessment method: The Athlete Apperception Technique (AAT). Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gloor, P. A., Oster, D., & Fischbach, K. (2013). JazzFlow – Analyzing „group flow“ among jazz musicians through „honest signals“. KI – Künstliche Intelligenz, 27(1), 37–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R., & Griffin, D. (2000). On the statistics of interdependence. Treating dyadic data with respect. In W. J. Ickes & S. W. Duck (Hrsg.), The social psychology of personal relationships (S. 181–214). Chichester/West Sussex/New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve, F. G., Whelan, J. P., & Meyers, A. W. (2000). An experimental examination of the cohesion-performance relationship in an interactive team sport. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 12(2), 219–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gully, S. M., Incalcaterra, K. A., Joshi, A., & Beubien, J. M. (2002). A meta-analysis of team-efficacy, potency, and performance: Interdependence and level of analysis as moderators of observed relationships. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 819–832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafsson, H., Hassmén, P., Kenttä, G., & Johansson, M. (2008). A qualitative analysis of burnout in elite Swedish athletes. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 9(6), 800–816.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hackfort, D., & Nitsch, J.R. (2015). Das Handeln als theoretischer Bezugsrahmen interdisziplinärer Forschung. Humanwissenschaftliche Perspektiven der Sportwissenschaft. In M. Pietraß (Hrsg.), Krise und Chance: Humanwissenschaftliche Perspektiven (Schriftenreihe der Universität der Bundeswehr München, S. 25–31). Neubiberg: Universität der Bundeswehr München.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hardy, C. J., & Crace, R. K. (1997). Foundations of team building: Intruduction to the team building primer. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 9, 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haseloff, O. W. (1972). Kommunikation, Transformation und Interaktion bei lernfähigen Systemen. In R. Kurzrock (Hrsg.), Systemtheorie (Forschung und Information) (Bd. 12, S. 57–81). Berlin: Colloquium.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E. J., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1994). Emotional contagion (Studies in emotion and social interaction) (1. publ.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1946). Attitudes and cognitive organization. The Jounal of Psychology, 21, 107–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Høigaard, R., & Ingvaldsen, R. P. (2006). Social loafing in interactive groups. The effects of identifiability on effort and individual performance in floorball. Athletic Insight, 8(2), 52–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Høigaard, R., Boen, F., de Cuyper, B., & Peters, D. M. (2013). Team identification reduces social loafing and promotes social laboring in cycling. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 25(1), 33–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, N. L., Knight, C. J., & Zukiwski, P. (2012). Female athletes’ perceptions of teammate conflict in sport: Implications for sport psychology consultants. The Sport Psychologist, 26(1), 135–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horvath, A., & Luborsky, L. (1993). The role of the therapeutic alliance in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 561–573.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hüffmeier, J., Kanthak, J., & Hertel, G. (2013). Specificity of partner feedback as moderator of group motivation gains in Olympic swimmers. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 16(4), 516–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussy, W., & Jain, A. (2002). Experimentelle Hypothesenprüfung in der Psychologie. Göttingen: Hogrefe.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ickes, W. (2000). Methods of studying close relationships. In W. J. Ickes & S. W. Duck (Hrsg.), The social psychology of personal relationships (S. 157–180). Chichester/West Sussex/New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Irwin, B. C., Scorniaenchi, J., Kerr, N. L., Eisenmann, J. C., & Feltz, D. L. (2012). Aerobic exercise is promoted when individual performance affects the group: A test of the Kohler motivation gain effect. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 44(2), 151–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenewein, W., & Heidbrink, M. (2008). High-Performance-Teams. Die fünf Erfolgsprinzipien für Führung und Zusammenarbeit. Stuttgart: Schäffer-Poeschel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. D., Woodman, T., Barlow, M., & Roberts, R. (2017). The darker side of personality. Narcissism predicts moral disengagement and antisocial behavior in sport. The Sport Psychologist, 31(2), 109–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1993). Social loafing. A meta-analytic review and theoretical integration. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(4), 681–706.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (1997). The effects of group cohesiveness on social loafing and social compensation. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1(2), 156–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karau, S. J., & Williams, K. D. (2001). Understanding individual motivation in groups. In M. E. Turner (Hrsg.), Groups at work: Theory and research (S. 113–141). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavussanu, M., & Stanger, N. (2017). Moral behavior in sport. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 185–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, L. K. (2016). Exploring flow experiences in cooperative digital gaming contexts. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 286–291.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaye, L. K., & Bryce, J. (2012). Putting the „fun factor“ into gaming. The influence of social contexts on experiences of playing videogames. International Journal of Internet Science, 7(1), 23–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kerr, N. L., Messe, L. A., Seok, D.-H., Sambolec, E. J., Lount, R. B., & Park, E. S. (2007). Psychological mechanisms underlying the Köhler motivation gain. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33(6), 828–841.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiili, K., Perttula, A., & Tuomi, P. (2010). Development of multiplayer exertion games for physical education. IADIS International Journal on WWW/Internet, 8(1), 52–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert, J. (2014). Toolbox Beziehungsarbeit: Zur Beziehungsqualität in der sportpsychologischen Betreuung. Beitrag Qualitätssicherung in der Sportpsychologie. Köln: Sportverlag Strauß.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert, J., & Pels, F. (2019). Gruppe und soziale Beziehungen. In J. Munzert, M. Raab & B. Strauß (Hrsg.), Sportpsychologie. Ein Lehrbuch. Stuttgart: Kohlhammer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert, J., & Schubert, N. (2010). Was hab’ ich denn davon? Zufriedenheit in Trainerteams. Leistungssport, 40(4), 15–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert, J., & Wippich, S. (2012). Vertrauen als Merkmal von Beziehungsqualität. Modellentwicklung und explorative Interviews im Kontext sportpsychologischer Betreuung. Organisationsberatung, Supervision, Coaching, 19, 425–441.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinert, J., Ohlert, J., Carron, A. V., Eys, M. A., Feltz, D. L., Harwood, C., Linz, L., Seiler, R., & Sulprizio, M. (2012). Group dynamics in sport. An overview and recommendations on diagnostic and intervention. The Sport Psychologist, 26, 412–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kleinknecht, C., Michels, J., & Rein, R. (2012). Der Einfluss von psychosozialen Faktoren auf die Bewegungssynchronisation in Kleingruppen. In M. Wegner, J.-P. Brückner & S. Kratzenstein (Hrsg.), Sportpsychologische Kompetenz und Verantwortung. 44. Jahrestagung der Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Sportpsychologie (asp) vom 17.-19. Mai 2012 in Kiel/Oslo (Schriften der Deutschen Vereinigung für Sportwissenschaft, 221, S. 98). Hamburg: Feldhaus Verlag, Edition Czwalina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinknecht, C., Kleinert, J., & Ohlert, J. (2014). Erfassung von „Kohäsion im Team von Freizeit- und Gesundheitssportgruppen“ (KIT-FG). Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie, 22(2), 68–78.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köhler, O. (1926). Kraftleistungen bei Einzel- und Gruppenarbeit. Industrielle Psychotechnik, 3, 274–282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovachev, I. (1975). Psychological structure of sport team conflict. In G. J. K. Alderson & D. A. N. Tyldesley (Hrsg.), British proceedings of sports psychology. FEPSAC Congress 1975 (S. 58–60). Edinburgh: The British Society of Sports Psychology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovachev, I. (1985). Psychological structure of sport team conflict. In G. Schilling & K. Herren (Hrsg.), Zum Stand der Sportpsychologie. Bericht zum VI. FEPSAC-Kongress 1983 (2, S. 293–298). Magglingen: Macolin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langer, W. (2009). Mehrebenenanalyse. Eine Einführung für Forschung und Praxis (Lehrbuch) (2. Aufl.). Wiesbaden: Springer VS.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaVoi, N. M. (2007). Interpersonal communication and conflict in the coach-athlete relationship. In S. Jowett & D. Lavallee (Hrsg.), Social psychology in sport (S. 29–40). Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leary, M. R. (2010). Affiliation, acceptance, and belonging. The pursuit of interpersonal connection. In S. T. Fiske, D. T. Gilbert & G. Lindzey (Hrsg.), Handbook of social psychology (S. 864–897). Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leith, L. M. (1982). The role of competition in the elicitation of aggression in sport. Journal of Sport Behavior, 5(4), 168–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lenk, H. (1969). Top performance despite internal conflict. An antithesis to a functionalistic proposition. In J. W. Loy & G. S. Kenyon (Hrsg.), Sport, culture, and society: A reader on the sociology of sport (S. 393–396). Toronto: Collier-Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levy, D. A., & Nail, P. R. (1993). Contagion: A theoretical and empirical review and reconceptualization. Genetic, Social & General Psychology Monographs, 119(2), 235–285.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics. Concept, method and reality in social science; social equilibria and social change. Human Relations, 1(1), 5–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, K. (Hrsg.). (1951). Behavior and development as a function of the total situation. In Field theory in social science. Selected theoretical papers (S. 238–303). New York: Harper & Brothers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, L. J., Carron, A. V., & Burke, S. M. (2009). Team building interventions in sport: A meta-analysis. Sport and Exercise Psychology Review, 5(2), 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martiny, S. E., Gleibs, I. H., Parks-Stamm, E. J., Martiny-Huenger, T., Froehlich, L., Harter, A. L., & Roth, J. (2015). Dealing with negative stereotypes in sports: The role of cognitive anxiety when multiple identities are activated in sensorimotor tasks. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 37(4), 379–392.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mayring, P. (2010). Qualitative Inhaltsanalyse. Grundlagen und Techniken, 8229. Weinheim: Beltz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moll, T., Jordet, G., & Pepping, G.-J. (2010). Emotional contagion in soccer penalty shootouts: Celebration of individual success is associated with ultimate team success. Journal of Sports Sciences, 28(9), 983–992.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naudé, P., & Buttle, F. (2000). Assessing realationship quality. Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 351–361.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Newcomb, T. M. (1951). Social psychology theory. In J. H. Rohrer & M. Sherif (Hrsg.), Social psychology at the crossroads (S. 31–49). New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, J. R. (2000). Handlungstheoretische Grundlagen der Sportpsychologie. In H. Gabler, J. R. Nitsch & R. Singer (Hrsg.), Einführung in die Sportpsychologie. Teil 1: Grundthemen (S. 43–164). Schorndorf: Hofmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, J. R., & Hackfort, D. (1981). Streß in Schule und Hochschule – eine handlungspsychologische Funktionsanalyse. In J. R. Nitsch (Hrsg.), Streß. Theorien, Untersuchungen, Maßnahmen (S. 263–311). Bern: Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, J. R., & Hackfort, D. (1984). Basisregulation interpersonaler Handlungen im Sport. In E. Hahn & H. Rieder (Hrsg.), Sensumotorisches Lernen und Sportspielforschung. Festschrift zum 65. Geburtstag von Prof. Dr. Kurt Kohl (S. 148–166). Bps-Verlag: Köln.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nitsch, J. R., & Hackfort, D. (2016). Theoretical framework of performance psychology: An action theory perspective. In M. Raab, B. Lobinger, S. Hoffmann, A. Pizzera & S. Laborde (Hrsg.), Performance psychology. Perception, action, cognition, and emotion (S. 11–29). London: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ohlert, J., & Kleinert, J. (2013). Social loafing during preparation for performance situations. The preloafing effect. Social Psychology, 44, 231–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ohlert, J., & Zepp, C. (2016). Theory based team diagnostics and interventions. In M. Raab, P. Wylleman, R. Seiler, A.-M. Elbe & A. Hatzigeorgiadis (Hrsg.), Sport and exercise psychology research (S. 347–370). London: Elsevier.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • O’Neill, D. (2008). Injury contagion in alpine ski racing: The effect of injury on teammates’ performance. Journal of Clinical Sports Psychology, 2(3), 278–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osborn, K. A., Irwin, B. C., Skogsberg, N. J., & Feltz, D. L. (2012). The Köhler effect: Motivation gains and losses in real sports groups. Sport, Exercise, and Performance Psychology, 1(4), 242–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passos, P., Araujo, D., Davids, K. W., Serpa, O., & S. (2009). Interpersonal coordination tendencies, decision-making and information governing dynamics in rugby union. In D. Araujo, H. Ripoll & M. Raab (Hrsg.), Perspectives on cognition and action in sport (S. 27–42). Suffolk: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2016a). Enhancing mental health. Effects of exercise on social well-being and social ill-being. In S. Schneider (Hrsg.), Exercise in Space. A holistic approach for the benefit of human health on Earth (S. 63–90). Cham: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pels, F., & Kleinert, J. (2016b). Does exercise reduce aggressive feelings? An experiment examining the influence of movement type and social task conditions on testiness and anger reduction. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 122(3), 971–987.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ravizza, K. (1988). Gaining entry with athletic personnel for season-long consulting. The Sport Psychologist, 2, 243–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reis, H.T., & Wheeler, L. (1991). Studying social interaction with the Rochester Interaction Record. In Advances in experimental social psychology (Advances in experimental social psychology, Bd. 24, S. 269–318). Amsterdam: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rustemeyer, R. (1992). Praktisch-methodische Schritte der Inhaltsanalyse. Eine Einführung am Beispiel der Analyse von Interviewtexten. Münster: Aschendorff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sage, L., Kavussanu, M., & Duda, J. (2006). Goal orientations and moral identity as predictors of prosocial and antisocial functioning in male association football players. Journal of Sports Sciences, 24(5), 455–466.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salanova, M., Rodriguez-Sanchez, A. M., Schaufeli, W. B., & Cifre, E. (2014). Flowing together. A longitudinal study of collective efficacy and collective flow among workgroups. The Journal of Psychology, 148(4), 435–455.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sawyer, R. K. (2006). Group creativity. Musical performance and collaboration. Psychology of Music, 34(2), 148–165.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scarapicchia, T. M. F., Sabiston, C. M., Andersen, R. E., & Bengoechea, E. G. (2013). The motivational effects of social contagion on exercise participation in young female adults. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 35, 563–575.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz von Thun, F. (1981). Miteinander reden 1. Störungen und Klärungen. Allgemeine Psychologie der Kommunikation. Reinbek: Rowohlt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonderlund, A. L., O’Brien, K., Kremer, P., Rowland, B., de Groot, F., Staiger, P., Zinkiewicz, L., & Miller, P. G. (2014). The association between sports participation, alcohol use and aggression and violence. A systematic review. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 17(1), 2–7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Steiner, I. D. (1972). Group processes and productivity. New York: Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Storch, M., & Tschacher, W. (2014). Embodied Communication. Kommunikation beginnt im Körper – nicht im Kopf (Sachbuch Psychologie). Bern: Hans Huber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1986). The social identity theory of intergroup behavior. In S. Worchel & W. G. Austin (Hrsg.), Psychology of intergroup relations (S. 7–24). Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Totterdell, P. (2000). Catching moods and hitting runs: Mood linkage and subjective performance in professional sport teams. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(6), 848–859.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Totterdell, P., Kelletts, S., Teuchmann, K., & Briner, R. B. (1998). Evidence of mood linkage in work groups. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1504–1515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuckman, B. W., & Jensen, M. A. C. (1977). Stages of small-group development revisited. Group & Organization Management, 2(4), 419–427.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. C. (1987). Introducing the problem: Individual and group. In J. C. Turner, M. A. Hogg, P. J. Oakes, S. D. Reicher & M. S. Wetherell (Hrsg.), Rediscovering the social group. A self-categorization theory (S. 1–18). Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veit, H. (1971). Untersuchungen zur Gruppendynamik von Ballspielmannschaften. Schorndorf: Karl Hofmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachsmuth, I., Lenzen, M., & Knoblich, G. (Hrsg.). (2008). Embodied communication in humans and machines. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wachsmuth, S., Jowett, S., & Harwood, C. G. (2016). Conflict among athletes and their coaches. What is the theory and research so far? International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 84–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Watzlawick, P., Beavin, J. H., & Jackson, D. D. (1967). Pragmatics of human communication. New Yok: W. W. Norton & Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, B., & Hertel, G. (2007). Motivation gains of inferior group members: A meta-analytical review. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93(6), 973–993.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, K. D., & Karau, S. J. (1991). Social loafing and social compensation. The effects of expectations of co-worker performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(4), 570–581.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zepp, C., & Kleinert, J. (2015a). Homogeneity of prototypical attributes in soccer teams. SAGE Open, 5(3), 1–10.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zepp, C., & Kleinert, J. (2015b). Symmetric and complementary fit based on prototypical attributes of soccer teams. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 18(4), 557–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zepp, C., Kleinert, J., & Liebscher, A. (2013). Inhalte und Strukturen prototypischer Merkmale in Fußballmannschaften. Sportwissenschaft, 43(4), 283–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zepp, C., Ohlert, J., & Kleinert, J. (2014). „Wir brauchen gar keinen Kapitän …!“ Entwicklung eines sportartübergreifenden Assessments zur sportpsychologischen Diagnostik von Sportmannschaften. Leistungssport, 44(2), 11–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zumeta, L. N., Oriol, X., Telletxea, S., Amutio, A., & Basabe, N. (2015). Collective efficacy in sports and physical activities. Perceived emotional synchrony and shared flow. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1960.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zumeta, L., Basabe, N., Wlodarczyk, A., Bobowik, M., & Paez, D. (2016). Shared flow and positive collective gatherings. Anales de Psicología, 32(3), 717–727.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Abteilung Gesundheit und Sozialpsychologie, Deutsche Sporthochschule Köln, Köln, Deutschland

    Fabian Pels & Jens Kleinert

  2. Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Deutschland

    Dieter Hackfort

Authors
  1. Fabian Pels
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Jens Kleinert
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dieter Hackfort
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fabian Pels .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fachgebiet Sportwissenschaft, TU Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany

    Arne Güllich

  2. Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

    Michael Krüger

Section Editor information

  1. Institut für Sportökonomie, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Eike Emrich

  2. Sportwissenschaftliches Institut, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken, Germany

    Freya Gassmann

  3. Fakultät für Humanwissenschaften, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Bayern, Germany

    Dieter Hackfort

  4. Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany

    Michael Krüger

  5. Professur für Monetäre Ökonomik, Helmut-Schmidt-Universität Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany

    Christian Pierdzioch

  6. Department für Sportwissenschaft, Universität der Bundeswehr München, Neubiberg, Deutschland

    Dieter Hackfort

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Pels, F., Kleinert, J., Hackfort, D. (2019). Gruppen und Beziehungen im Sport. In: Güllich, A., Krüger, M. (eds) Sport in Kultur und Gesellschaft. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53385-7_45-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-53385-7_45-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-53385-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-53385-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Naturwissenschaften

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation