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Störungen der Geschlechtsentwicklung

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Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie

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Zusammenfassung

Mit der Befruchtung der Eizelle durch das Spermium wird der Chromosomensatz des Embryos festgelegt. Üblicherweise entsteht ein 46,XY-Karyotyp oder ein 46,XX-Karyotyp. Die Anlage der Gonaden (Keimdrüsen) erfolgt beim etwa 4 Wochen alten Embryo in Form sog. Genitalleisten zwischen Urniere und dorsalem Mesenterium. Die Gonadenanlagen sind zunächst ontogenetisch bipotent, d. h., ihre weitere Differenzierung kann grundsätzlich sowohl in die männliche als auch in die weibliche Richtung erfolgen. Bis zur 6. Woche post conceptionem existieren im menschlichen Embryo wahrscheinlich noch keine geschlechtsspezifischen morphologischen Unterschiede. In Gegenwart des 46,XY-Karyotyps kommt es zur Expression des hodendeterminierenden Faktors Sex determining region Y (SRY) (Sinclair et al. 1990). Dadurch wird ein genetisches Entwicklungsprogramm initiiert, das den geschlechtlichen Dimorphismus des Menschen einleitet, indem es bis zur 7. Woche post conceptionem zur Entwicklung des männlichen Hodens führt. Es umfasst eine Vielzahl dem SRY nachgeschalteter Gene, die zumeist als Transkriptionsfaktoren wirken, z. B. SOX9 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 9), WT1 (Wilms tumor 1 gene), SF1 oder NR5A1 (Steroidogenic factor 1), DMRT1 (Doublesex-and MAB3-related transcription factor 1), DHH (Desert hedgehog). Sie sind Teil eines komplexen Netzwerks mit zusätzlichen Faktoren der Gonadenentwicklung (u. a. WNT4, DAX1, CXorf6) und modulieren gegenseitig ihre Expression in einem zeitlich und örtlich abgestimmten Programm. Mutationen in Genen der Gonadenentwicklung können die empfindlichen Abläufe der Gonadendeterminierung beeinträchtigen und konsekutiv zu einer Gonadendygenesie als Ursache einer Besonderheit oder Störung der Geschlechtsentwicklung („disorder or difference of sex development“, DSD) führen. Die besonderen gewebespezifischen Expressionsmuster gonadaler Entwicklungsgene können typische Kombinationen funktioneller Störungen und Fehlbildungen, z. B. Wilms-Tumor (Köhler et al. 2007), Nebenniereninsuffizienz (Achermann et al. 2001), Skelettdysplasie (Foster et al. 1994), Neuropathie (Werner et al. 2015), Herzfehler (Lorenco et al. 2011), im Zusammenhang mit Gonadendysgenesien verursachen, die im Einzelfall klinisch wegweisend sein können.

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Holterhus, PM., Hiort, O. (2018). Störungen der Geschlechtsentwicklung. In: Hiort, O., Danne, T., Wabitsch, M. (eds) Pädiatrische Endokrinologie und Diabetologie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-52794-8_37-1

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