Abstract
Applying heat pumps to space heating for residential buildings in cold regions will reduce the combustion of gas, oil, and other fossil fuels and the emissions of greenhouse gases. An air-source heat pump (ASHP), which uses the easily available air as heat source, is more easily deployed and applied than other types of heat pumps, such as geothermal heat pumps. In terms of an ASHP, however, it is hard to effectively maintain a high capacity all the time not only because of a variety of instantaneous loads and demands affecting efficiency curves but also due to the unstable outdoor air temperature and humidity during summer and winter seasons. These uncertainties will increase the difficulty to control, rate, and select ASHP units. Moreover, when an ASHP runs at low ambient temperatures, several problems restrict its applications, deteriorated heat output, high discharge temperature, and declining coefficient of performance (COP), due to an increase of the pressure ratio. The high discharge temperature may even result in an abnormal shutdown of the system.
This chapter principally probes into discussions regarding ASHP systems, including the topics of system components, system performance ratings, defrosting methods, system design selections, unit(s) energy regulations, as well as installation considerations and technical measures. Additionally, this chapter also covers the most updated concepts to promote the performance of ASHP, including the subcooling cycle, the multistage cycle, the throttling losses recovery cycle, the multifunction cycle, the saturation cycle, and the frost-free system.
References
Heap RD (1983) Heat pumps, 2nd edn. E. and FN Spon, New York
Von Cube HL, Steimle F (1981) Heat pump technology. Butterworth, London
Banks D (2015) Dr T. G. N. “Graeme” Haldane – Scottish heat pump pioneer. Int J Hist Eng Technol 85:250–259. https://doi.org/10.1179/1758120615Z.00000000061
Nishimura T (2002) “Heat pumps – status and trends” in Asia and the Pacific. Int J Refrig 25:405–413. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007(01)00031-7
Axell M, Manager G (2008) “Europe: heat pumps – status and trends.” In: Proceedings of the 9th IEA heat pump conference, pp 20–22. Zürich, Switzerland
Dincer I, Kanoglu M (2011) Refrigeration systems and applications. Wiley, Somerset
Wu Y, Li H, Zhang H (2010) Refrigeration compressors. China Machine Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)
Minxia MYLZL (2013) Analysis of electrical efficiency for positive displacement refrigerant compressor. J Refrig 3:2
Chibin W, ShiXun L, Zuyi Z (2001) Practical handbook of refrigeration and air-conditioning engineering. China Machine Press, Beijing. (In Chinese)
Wang C-C, Jang J-Y, Chiou N-F (1999) Technical note a heat transfer and friction correlation for wavy fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 42:1919–1924. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(98)00288-9
Wang C-C, Chi K, Chang C (2000) Heat transfer and friction characteristics of plain fin-and-tube heat exchangers, part II: correlation. Int J Heat Mass Transf 43:2693–2700. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(99)00333-6
Wang CC, WL F, Chang CT (1997) Heat transfer and friction characteristics of typical wavy fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 14:174–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0894-1777(96)00056-8
Wang C-C, Lee W-S, Sheu W-J (2001) A comparative study of compact enhanced fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Int J Heat Mass Transf 44:3565–3573. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(01)00011-4
Wang CC, Lin YT, Lee CJ (2000) Heat and momentum transfer for compact louvered fin-and-tube heat exchangers in wet conditions. Int J Heat Mass Transf 43:3443–3452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0017-9310(99)00375-0
Wang C-C, Tao W-H, Chang C-J (1999) An investigation of the airside performance of the slit fin-and-tube heat exchangers. Int J Refrig 22:595–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007(99)00031-6
Kakaç S, Liu H (2002) Heat exchangers: selection, rating, and thermal design. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida
ASHRAE (2010) ASHRAE handbook-refrigeration. ASHRAE, Atlanta
AHRI (2008) ANSI/AHRI standard 210/240 with addenda 1 and 2. Arlington, VA
AHRI (2015) AHRI standard 340/360 (I-P). Arlington, VA
AHRI (2015) AHRI standard 551/591 (SI). Arlington, VA
Ameen FR, Coney JER, Sheppard CGW (1993) Experimental study of warm-air defrosting of heat-pump evaporators. Int J Refrig 16:13–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(93)90015-Z
ASHRAE (2005) 2005 ASHRAE handbook – fundamentals. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta
Miller R, Miller MR (2006) Air conditioning and refrigeration. McGraw-Hill, New York
Jiang Y, Yao Y, Ma Z (2001) Study on heating optimal energy balance point of the ater heater/chiller units of air source heat pump. J Harbin Univ Civ Eng Archit 34:83–87. (in Chinese)
Jiang Y, Yao Y, Ma Z (2001) Optimal economic balance point of air source heat pump heating systems. HV&AC 3:39–41. (in Chinese)
Zhang C, Shi L (2015) Heat pump technology and application, 2nd edn. Machinery Industry Press, Beijing. (in Chinese)
Langley BC (1983) Heat pump technology. Reston Publishing, Virginia
ASHRAE (2012) ASHRAE handbook – HVAC systems and equipment. ASHRAE, Atlanta
Domanski P, Didion D, Doyle J (1994) Evaluation of suction-line/liquid-line heat exchange in the refrigeration cycle. Int J Refrig 17:487–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-7007(94)90010-8
Klein SA, Reindl DT, Brownell K (2000) Refrigeration system performance using liquid-suction heat exchangers. Int J Refrig 23:588–596. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-7007(00)00008-6
Khan J-R, Zubair SM (2000) Design and rating of an integrated mechanical-subcooling vapor-compression refrigeration system. Energy Convers Manag 41:1201–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0196-8904(99)00169-7
Qureshi BA, Zubair SM (2012) The effect of refrigerant combinations on performance of a vapor compression refrigeration system with dedicated mechanical sub-cooling. Int J Refrig 35:47–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2011.09.009
She X, Yin Y, Zhang X (2014) A proposed subcooling method for vapor compression refrigeration cycle based on expansion power recovery. Int J Refrig 43:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.03.008
Bertsch SS, E a G (2008) Two-stage air-source heat pump for residential heating and cooling applications in northern U.S. climates. Int J Refrig 31:1282–1292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2008.01.006
Jin X, Wang S, Huo M (2008) Experimental investigation of a novel air source heat pump for cold climate. In: First international conference on building energy and environment, Dalian, China, 2008
Zehnder M (2004) Efficient air-water heat pumps for high temperature lift residential heating, including oil migration aspects. Dissertation, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)
Jung HW, Kang H, Yoon WJ, Kim Y (2013) Performance comparison between a single-stage and a cascade multi-functional heat pump for both air heating and hot water supply. Int J Refrig 36:1431–1441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.03.003
Gosney WB (1982) Principles of refrigeration. Cambridge University Press, New York
Tian C, Liang N, Shi W, Li X (2006) Development and experimental investigation on two-stage compression variable frequency air source heat pump. In: International refrigeration and air conditioning conference, Purdue, 2006
Jiang S, Wang S, Jin XX, Zhang T (2015) A general model for two-stage vapor compression heat pump systems. Int J Refrig 51:88–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.12.005
Jones J, Stoecker WF (1982) Refrigeration and air conditioning. McGraw-Hill, New York
Baek C, Heo J, Jung J et al (2014) Effects of vapor injection techniques on the heating performance of a CO2 heat pump at low ambient temperatures. Int J Refrig 43:26–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2014.03.009
Heo J, Jeong MW, Kim Y (2010) Effects of flash tank vapor injection on the heating performance of an inverter-driven heat pump for cold regions. Int J Refrig 33:848–855. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.12.021
Wang X, Hwang Y, Radermacher R (2009) Two-stage heat pump system with vapor-injected scroll compressor using R410A as a refrigerant. Int J Refrig 32:1442–1451. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2009.03.004
Huff H-J, Radermacher R (2003) CO2 compressor-expander analysis
Subiantoro A, Ooi KT (2013) Economic analysis of the application of expanders in medium scale air-conditioners with conventional refrigerants, R1234yf and CO2. Int J Refrig 36:1472–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.03.010
Park C, Lee H, Hwang Y, Radermacher R (2015) Recent advances in vapor compression cycle technologies. Int J Refrig 60:118–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2015.08.005
Lawrence N, Elbel S (2014) Experimental investigation of a two-phase ejector cycle suitable for use with low-pressure refrigerants R134a and R1234yf. Int J Refrig 38:310–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.08.009
Shuxue X, Guoyuan M (2011) Exergy analysis for quasi two-stage compression heat pump system coupled with ejector. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 35:700–705. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2011.01.004
Yu L (2006) Simulation and experiment study on the quasi two-stage compression heat pump system coupled with ejector. Dissertation, Beijing University of Technology
Jiang S, Wang S, Jin X, Yu Y (2016) Optimum compressor cylinder volume ratio for two-stage compression air source heat pump systems. Int J Refrig 67:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2016.03.012
Li H (2009) Simulation and experimental investigation on optimum application of multi-functional solar assisted air source heat pump systems. Dissertation, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University
Lee H, Hwang Y, Radermacher R, Chun H (2013) Potential benefits of saturation cycle with two-phase refrigerant injection. Appl Therm Eng 56:27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.03.030
Mathison MM, Braun JE, Groll EA (2011) Performance limit for economized cycles with continuous refrigerant injection. Int J Refrig 34:234–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2010.09.006
Mathison MM, Braun JE, Groll EA (2013) Modeling of a novel spool compressor with multiple vapor refrigerant injection ports. Int J Refrig 36:1982–1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2013.03.020
Wang F, Wang Z, Zheng Y et al (2015) Performance investigation of a novel frost-free air-source heat pump water heater combined with energy storage and dehumidification. Appl Energy 139:212–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.11.018
Yongcun L, Guangming C, Liming T, Lihua L (2011) Analysis on performance of a novel frost-free air-source heat pump system. Build Environ 46:2052–2059. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.04.018
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany
About this entry
Cite this entry
Jiang, S. (2018). Air-Source Heat Pump Systems. In: Wang, R., Zhai, X. (eds) Handbook of Energy Systems in Green Buildings. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49088-4_2-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49088-4_2-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-49088-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-49088-4
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EnergyReference Module Computer Science and Engineering