Zusammenfassung
Jede Allgemeinanästhesie besteht aus den Komponenten Hypnose, Analgesie und – bei Bedarf – Muskelrelaxation. Ziel ist es, den Patienten vor den Reizen des operativen Eingriffs abzuschirmen, sodass unbewusstes wie bewusstes Erleben der Situation vermieden, Schmerzen ausgeschaltet, Abwehr, Bewegungen und vegetative Reaktionen verhindert oder gedämpft werden. Selbstverständlich gehören zur Allgemeinanästhesie auch die Planung der operativen Abläufe, Sicherung der Atemwege, Beatmung, Homöostase des Elektrolyt-, Wasser-, Säure-Basen-Haushalts, des Kreislaufs sowie die Erhaltung und zeitgerechte Ausleitung der Narkose.
Literatur
Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR et al (2009) A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. N Engl J Med 360:491–499
Harter RL, Kelly WB, Kramer MG, Perez CE, Dzwonczyk RR (1998) A comparison of the volume and pH of gastric contents of obese and lean surgical patients. Anesth Analg 86:147–152
Eichhorn JH (1989) Prevention of intraoperative anesthesia accidents and related severe injury through safety monitoring. Anesthesiology 70:572–577
Pedersen T, Moller AM, Pedersen BD (2003) Pulse oximetry for perioperative monitoring: systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Anesth Analg 96:426–431, table
Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT (2004) Bispectral index monitoringto prevent awareness during general anesthesia: the B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363(9423):1757–1763
Kissing I (2000) Depth of anesthesia and BIS index monitoring. Anaesth Analg 90(5):1114–1117
Berry CB, Myles PS (1994) Preoxygenation in healthy volunteers: a graph of oxygen „washin“ using end-tidal oxygraphy. Br J Anaesth 72:116–118
Baraka AS, Taha SK, Aouad MT, El-Khatib MF, Kawkabani NI (1999) Preoxygenation: comparison of maximal breathing and tidal volume breathing techniques. Anesthesiology 91:612–616
Edmark L, Kostova-Aherdan K, Enlund M, Hedenstierna G (2003) Optimal oxygen concentration during induction of general anesthesia. Anesthesiology 98:28–33
Rusca M, Proietti S, Schnyder P et al (2003) Prevention of atelectasis formation during induction of general anesthesia. Anesth Analg 97:1835–1839
Dixon BJ, Dixon JB, Carden JR et al (2005) Preoxygenation is more effective in the 25 degrees head-up position than in the supine position in severely obese patients: a randomized controlled study. Anesthesiology 102:1110–1115
Hildreth AN, Mejia VA, Maxwell RA et al (2008) Adrenal suppression following a single dose of etomidate for rapid sequence induction: a prospective randomized study. J Trauma 65:573–579
Jabre P, Combes X, Lapostolle F et al (2009) Etomidate versus ketamine for rapid sequence intubation in acutely ill patients: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 374:293–300
Leslie K, Myles PS, Chan MT et al (2011) Nitrous oxide and long-term morbidity and mortality in the ENIGMA trial. Anesth Analg 112:387–393
Schonherr ME, Hollmann MW, Graf B (2004) Nitrous oxide. Sense or nonsense for today‘s anaesthesia. Anaesthesist 53:796–812
Smith I, Nathanson M, White PF (1996) Sevoflurane – a long-awaited volatile anaesthetic. Br J Anaesth 76:435–445
Conzen PF, Kharasch ED, Czerner SF et al (2002) Low-flow sevoflurane compared with low-flow isoflurane anesthesia in patients with stable renal insufficiency. Anesthesiology 97:578–584
Baum VC, Yemen TA, Baum LD (1997) Immediate 8 % sevoflurane induction in children: a comparison with incremental sevoflurane and incremental halothane. Anesth Analg 85:313–316
Kohrs R, Durieux ME (1998) Ketamine: teaching an old drug new tricks. Anesth Analg 87:1186–1193
Adams HA, Werner C (1997) From the racemate to the eutomer: (S)-ketamine. Renaissance of a substance? Anaesthesist 46:1026–1042
Jantzen JP, Diehl P (1991) Rectal administration of drugs. Fundamentals and applications in anesthesia. Anaesthesist 40:251–261
Luginbuhl M, Petersen-Felix S, Zbinden AM, Schnider TW (2005) Xenon does not reduce opioid requirement for orthopedic surgery. Can J Anaesth 52:38–44
Petersen-Felix S, Luginbuhl M, Schnider TW et al (1998) Comparison of the analgesic potency of xenon and nitrous oxide in humans evaluated by experimental pain. Br J Anaesth 81:742–747
Smith I, White PF, Nathanson M, Gouldson R (1994) Propofol. An update on its clinical use. Anesthesiology 81:1005–1043
Nordstrom O, Engstrom AM, Persson S, Sandin R (1997) Incidence of awareness in total i.v. anaesthesia based on propofol, alfentanil and neuromuscular blockade. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 41:978–984
Sandin RH, Enlund G, Samuelsson P, Lennmarken C (2000) Awareness during anaesthesia: a prospective case study. Lancet 355:707–711
Avidan MS, Zhang L, Burnside BA et al (2008) Anesthesia awareness and the bispectral index. N Engl J Med 358:1097–1108
Myles PS, Leslie K, McNeil J, Forbes A, Chan MT (2004) Bispectral index monitoring to prevent awareness during anaesthesia: the B-Aware randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363:1757–1763
Wilhelm W, Wrobel M, Kreuer S, Larsen R (2003) Remifentanil. An update. Anaesthesist 52:473–494
Zollner C, Schafer M (2007) Remifentanil-based intraoperative anaesthesia and postoperative pain therapy. Is there an optimal treatment strategy? Anaesthesist 56:1038–1046
Guignard B, Bossard AE, Coste C et al (2000) Acute opioid tolerance: intraoperative remifentanil increases postoperative pain and morphine requirement. Anesthesiology 93:409–417
Hood DD, Curry R, Eisenach JC (2003) Intravenous remifentanil produces withdrawal hyperalgesia in volunteers with capsaicin-induced hyperalgesia. Anesth Analg 97:810–815
Absalom AR, Mani V, De ST, Struys MM (2009) Pharmacokinetic models for propofol – defining and illuminating the devil in the detail. Br J Anaesth 103:26–37
Brull SJ, Murphy GS (2010) Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part II: methods to reduce the risk of residual weakness. Anesth Analg 111:129–140
Murphy GS, Brull SJ (2010) Residual neuromuscular block: lessons unlearned. Part I: definitions, incidence, and adverse physiologic effects of residual neuromuscular block. Anesth Analg 111:120–128
Khuenl-Brady KS, Wattwil M, Vanacker BF et al (2010) Sugammadex provides faster reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade compared with neostigmine: a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial. Anesth Analg 110:64–73
Lee C, Jahr JS, Candiotti KA et al (2009) Reversal of profound neuromuscular block by sugammadex administered three minutes after rocuronium: a comparison with spontaneous recovery from succinylcholine. Anesthesiology 110:1020–1025
Puhringer FK, Rex C, Sielenkamper AW et al (2008) Reversal of profound, high-dose rocuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade by sugammadex at two different time points: an international, multicenter, randomized, dose-finding, safety assessor-blinded, phase II trial. Anesthesiology 109:188–197
Lee C (2009) Goodbye suxamethonium! Anaesthesia 64(Suppl 1):73–81
Sessler DI (2001) Complications and treatment of mild hypothermia. Anesthesiology 95:531–543
Kranke P, Eberhart LH, Roewer N, Tramer MR (2004) Single-dose parenteral pharmacological interventions for the prevention of postoperative shivering: a quantitative systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Anesth Analg 99:718–727, table
Weiss G, Jacob M (2008) Preoperative fasting 2008: medical behaviour between empiricism and science. Anaesthesist 57:857–872
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
1 Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Die Narkoseeinleitung (WMV 11010 kb)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland
About this entry
Cite this entry
Laux, G., Rex, S. (2017). Allgemeinanästhesie. In: Rossaint, R., Werner, C., Zwißler, B. (eds) Die Anästhesiologie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45539-5_48-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45539-5_48-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-45539-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-662-45539-5
eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Medizin