Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Implizite Kognition und Gesundheitskommunikation

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbuch Gesundheitskommunikation

Part of the book series: Springer Reference Sozialwissenschaften ((SRS))

  • 433 Accesses

Zusammenfassung

Gesundheitsbezogenes Verhalten kann wohlüberlegt oder impulsiv erfolgen. Manchmal verspüren wir einen inneren Impuls (implizite Kognition), gesundheitsrelevante Reize wie fette oder süße Nahrungsmittel aufzusuchen, obwohl es verbalisierbare Gedanken (explizite Kognition) „besser wissen“ und uns davon abhalten; zumindest dann, wenn wir die Motivation und die Fähigkeit haben, unseren Impulsen zu widerstehen. Bisherige Forschung konzentrierte sich bezüglich Medienwirkungen auf explizite Kognition. Das ist ungünstig, weil es Theorie und Methodik der impliziten Kognition ermöglichen, Wirkungen aufzudecken, die bei der bloßen Verwendung expliziter Kognition unentdeckt bleiben.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Ein weiteres Konstrukt sind implizite Stereotype. Diese werden als mentale Assoziation zwischen einem Konzept und einem non-evaluativen Attribut (z. B. „Ärzte“ + „allwissend“) konzipiert. Implizite Stereotype operieren somit auf einer kognitiven Ebene. Natürlich schließt dies nicht aus, dass die Attribute eine ausgeprägte Valenz haben können. Per definitionem sind implizite Stereotype allerdings auf einer kognitiven Ebene definiert (Amodio und Devine 2006). Ein weiteres Konstrukt ist der implizite Selbstwert, welcher die Assoziation zwischen dem Selbst und einem evaluativen Attribut beschreibt (z. B. „Ich“ + „positiv“). Dieses Konstrukt beschreibt somit die „Einstellung zu sich selbst“ (vgl. Greenwald et al. 2002). In Bezug auf beide Ebenen besteht im Gesundheitsbereich Forschungsbedarf.

Literatur

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amodio, D., & Devine, P. (2006). Stereotyping and evaluation in implicit race bias: Evidence for independent constructs and unique effects on behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91, 652–661.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, F. (2010). Cultivation effects of a newspaper on reality estimates and explicit and implicit attitudes. Journal of Media Psychology, 22, 147–159.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, F. (2013). Dose-dependent media priming effects of stereotypic newspaper articles on implicit and explicit stereotypes. Journal of Communication, 63, 830–851.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, F., Marquart, F., & Matthes, J. (2014). Implizite Kognition und Medien. Zur Notwendigkeit impliziter Messmethoden für die Kommunikationswissenschaft. Medien Journal, 38(2), 32–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arendt, F., Till, B., & Niederkrotenthaler, T. (2016). Effects of suicide awareness material on implicit suicide cognition: A laboratory experiment. Health Communication, 31, 718–726.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dal Cin, S., Gibson, B., Zanna, M., Shumate, R., & Fong, G. (2007). Smoking in movies, implicit associations of smoking with the self, and intentions to smoke. Psychological Science, 18, 559–563.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Friese, M., Hofmann, W., & Wänke, M. (2008). When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47, 397–419. doi:10.1348/014466607X241540

    Google Scholar 

  • Gawronski, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, B. (2008). Can evaluative conditioning change attitudes toward mature brands? New evidence from the implicit association test. Journal of Consumer Research, 35, 178–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, J., & Finn, C. (2013). How and why implicit attitudes should affect voting. PS: Political Science & Politics, 46, 537–544.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glock, S., Unz, D., & Kovacs, C. (2012). Beyond fear appeals: Contradicting positive smoking outcome expectancies to influence smokers’ implicit attitudes, perception, and behavior. Addictive Behaviors, 37, 548–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, C., & Slater, M. (2010). Automatically activated attitudes as mechanisms for message effects: The case of alcohol advertisements. Communication Research, 37, 620–643.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, C. (2011). An Overview of Implicit Measures of Attitudes: Methods, Mechanisms, Strengths, and Limitations. Communication Methods and Measures, 5, 203–222. doi: 10.1080/19312458.2011.596992

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., Rudman, L., Farnham, S., Nosek, B., & Mellot, D. (2002). A unified theory of implicit attitudes, stereotypes, self-esteem, and self-concept. Psychological Review, 109, 3–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenwald, A. G., Poehlman, T. A., Uhlmann, E. L., & Banaji, M. R. (2009). Understanding and using the implicit association test: III. Metaanalysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97, 17–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurari, I., Hetts, J., & Strube, M. (2006). Beauty in the „I“ of the beholder: Effects of idealized media portrayals on implicit self-image. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 28, 273–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann, W., Friese, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2008). Impulsive versus reflective influences on health behavior: A theoretical framework and empirical review. Health Psychology Review, 2, 111–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Horcajo, J., Briñol, P., & Petty, R. (2010). Consumer persuasion: Indirect change and implicit balance. Psychology & Marketing, 27, 938–963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lang, A. (2000). The limited capacity model of mediated message processing. Journal of Communication, 50, 46–70. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2000.tb02833.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan, N., Martinez, M., Gutierrez, N., Diesendruck, G., Banaji, M., & Santos, L. (2011). The evolution of intergroup bias: Perceptions and attitudes in rhesus macaques. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 387–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morewedge, C., & Kahneman, D. (2010). Associative processes in intuitive judgment. Trends in Cognitive Science, 14, 435–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niemand, T., & Fleischhauer, M. (2012). Indirekte Verfahren zur Messung gesundheitsrelevanter Einstellungen. In S. Hoffmann, U. Schwarz & R. Mai (Hrsg.), Angewandtes Gesundheitsmarketing (S. 106–118). Wiesbaden: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nock, M., Park, J., Finn, C., Deliberto, T., Dour, H., & Banaji, M. (2010). Measuring the suicidal mind: Implicit cognition predicts suicidal behavior. Psychological Science, 21, 511–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olson, M. A., & Fazio, R. H. (2009). Implicit and explicit measures of attitudes: The perspective of the MODE model. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio & P. Briñol (Hrsg.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (S. 19–63). New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51, 390–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reich, R. R., Below, M. C., & Goldman, M. S. (2010). Explicit and implicit measures of expectancy and related alcohol cognitions: A meta-analytic comparison. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 24, 13–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. In J. T. Cacioppo & R. E. Petty (Hrsg.), Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook (S. 153–176). London: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rooke, S. E., Hine, D. W., & Thorsteinsson, E. B. (2008). Implicit cognition and substance use: A meta-analysis. Addictive Behaviors, 33, 1314–1328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenstock, I. M. (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2, 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheeran, P., Gollwitzer, P., & Bargh, J. (2013). Nonconscious processes and health. Health Psychology, 32, 460–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8, 220–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlmann, E., & Swanson, J. (2004). Exposure to violent video games increases automatic aggressiveness. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 41–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlmann, E., Leavitt, K., Menges, J., Koopman, J., Howe, M., & Johnson, R. (2012). Getting explicit about the implicit: A taxonomy of implicit measures and guide for their use in organizational research. Organizational Research Methods, 15, 553–601.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 249–268.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut für Kommunikationswissenschaft und Medienforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oettingenstr. 67, 80538, München, Deutschland

    Florian Arendt

Authors
  1. Florian Arendt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Florian Arendt .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Philosophische Fakultät, Universität Erfurt, Erfurt, Germany

    Constanze Rossmann

  2. Dortmund, Germany

    Matthias R. Hastall

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH

About this entry

Cite this entry

Arendt, F. (2016). Implizite Kognition und Gesundheitskommunikation. In: Rossmann, C., Hastall, M. (eds) Handbuch Gesundheitskommunikation. Springer Reference Sozialwissenschaften. Springer VS, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10948-6_51-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10948-6_51-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer VS, Wiesbaden

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-658-10948-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Sozialwissenschaften und Recht

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation