Zusammenfassung
In der Praxis geschieht die Erfassung von Kommunikationswirkungen überwiegend in Form von Befragungen, die jedoch tatsächlich nur einen Teil der Werbewirkung abbilden. Der Beitrag befasst sich vor diesem Hintergrund mit Messmethoden zur Erfassung impliziter Kommunikationswirkungen, die KonsumentInnen nicht bewusst wahrnehmen. Die Autoren beschreiben Methoden, die implizite Kommunikationswirkungen auf den Ebenen der Wahrnehmung und Abspeicherung von Information sowie des tatsächlichen Verhaltens sichtbar machen. Die Bedeutung von Blickbewegungsmessungen und reaktionszeitbasierten Verfahren zur Optimierung von Kommunikationsstrategien wird vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Literatur und anhand praxisrelevanter Beispiele aufgezeigt und diskutiert.
Literatur
Anderson, J. R., und G. H. Bower. 1973. Human associative memory. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bamford, S., und R. Ward. 2008. Predispositions to approach and avoid are contextually sensitive and goal dependent. Emotion 8(2): 174.
Berger, S., U. Wagner, und C. Schwand. 2012. Assessing advertising effectiveness: The potential of goal-directed behavior. Psychology & Marketing 29(6): 411–421.
Bojko, A. 2013. Eye tracking the user experience: A practical guide to research. New York: Rosenfeld Media.
Brendl, C. M., A. B. Markman, und C. Messner. 2005. Indirectly measuring evaluations of several attitude objects in relation to a neutral reference point. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 41(4): 346–368.
Bruce, N. D., und J. K. Tsotsos. 2007. An information theoretic model of saliency and visual search. Attention in Cognitive Systems. Theories and Systems from an Interdisciplinary Viewpoint 4840: 171–183.
Brunel, F. F., B. C. Tietje, und A. G. Greenwald. 2004. Is the implicit association test a valid and valuable measure of implicit consumer social cognition? Journal of Consumer Psychology 14(4):385–404.
Büttner, O., A. Florack, und M. Scarabis. 2014. Werbekommunikation. In Psychologie der Kommunikation für Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaftler, Hrsg. M. Blanz, A. Florack und U. Piontkowski, 194–203. Stuttgart: Vahlen.
Chen, M., und J. A. Bargh. 1999. Consequences of automatic evaluation: Immediate behavioral predispositions to approach or avoid the stimulus. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25: 215–224.
Crane, H. D. 1994. The Purkinje image eyetracker, image stabilization, and related forms of stimulus manipulation. In Visual science and engineering: models and applications, Hrsg. D. H. Kelly, 13–89. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.
Cunningham, W. A., K. J. Preacher, und M. R. Banaji. 2001. Implicit attitude measures: Consistency, stability, and convergent validity. Psychological Science 12(2): 163–170.
De Houwer, J., S. Thomas, und F. Baeyens. 2001. Association learning of likes and dislikes: A review of 25 years of research on human evaluative conditioning. Psychological Bulletin 127(6): 853.
De Houwer, J., S. Teige-Mocigemba, A. Spruyt, und A. Moors. 2009. Implicit measures: A normative analysis and review. Psychological Bulletin 135(3): 347–368.
Delabarre, E. B. 1898. A method of recording eye-movements. The American Journal of Psychology 9(4): 572–574.
Dimofte, C. V. 2010. Implicit measures of consumer cognition: A review. Psychology & Marketing 27(10): 921–937.
Dimofte, C. V., und R. F. Yalch. 2007. Consumer response to polysemous brand slogans. Journal of Consumer Research 33(4): 515–522.
Dodge, R., und T. S. Cline. 1901. The angle velocity of eye movements. Psychological Review 8(2): 145.
Duchowski, A. T. 2002. A breadth-first survey of eye-tracking applications. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 34(4): 455–470.
Duchowski, A. T. 2007. Eye tracking methodology: Theory and practice, 2. Aufl. London: Springer.
Duchowski, A. T., N. Cournia, und H. Murphy. 2004. Gaze-contingent displays: A review. CyberPsychology & Behavior 7(6): 621–634.
Fang, X., S. Singh, und R. Ahluwalia. 2007. An examination of different explanations for the mere exposure effect. Journal of Consumer Research 34(1): 97–103.
Fazio, R. H. 1986. How do attitudes guide behavior? In The Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, Hrsg. R. M. Sorrentino und E. T. Higgins, 204–243. New York: Guilford Press.
Ferraro, R., J. R. Bettman, und T. L. Chartrand. 2009. The power of strangers: The effect of incidental consumer brand encounters on brand choice. Journal of Consumer Research 35(5): 729–741.
Florack, A., und M. Scarabis. 2004. Warum ein Werbespot nicht nur gefallen sollte – Multimethodale Erfassung von Werbewirkungen. Wirtschaftspsychologie Aktuell 11:39–42.
Forehand, M. R., und A. Perkins. 2005. Implicit assimilation and explicit contrast: A set/reset model of response to celebrity voice-overs. Journal of Consumer Research 32(3): 435–441.
Frank, M. J., M. X. Cohen, und A. G. Sanfey. 2009. Multiple systems in decision making: A neurocomputational perspective. Current Directions in Psychological Science 18(2): 73–77.
Freeman, J. B., und N. Ambady. 2010. MouseTracker: Software for studying real-time mental processing using a computer mouse-tracking method. Behavior Research Methods 42(1): 226–241.
Friese, M., W. Hofmann, und M. Wänke. 2008. When impulses take over: Moderated predictive validity of explicit and implicit attitude measures in predicting food choice and consumption behaviour. British Journal of Social Psychology 47(3): 397–419.
Genschow, O., A. Florack, V. S. Chib, S. Shimojo, M. Scarabis, und M. Wänke. 2013. Reaching for the (product) stars: Measuring recognition and approach speed to get insights into consumer choice. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 35(3): 298–315.
Gibson, B. 2008. Can evaluative conditioning change attitudes toward mature brands? New evidence from the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Consumer Research 35(1): 178–188.
Greenwald, A. G., und M. R. Banaji. 1995. Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review 102:4–27.
Greenwald, A. G., D. E. McGhee, und J. L. K. Schwartz. 1998. Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74: 1464–1480.
Greenwald, A. G., T. A. Poehlman, E. L. Uhlmann, und M. R. Banaji. 2009. Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: III. Meta-analysis of predictive validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(1): 17.
Henderson, J. M. 2014. Eye-tracking technology aims to take your unconscious pizza order. In Scientific American. http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/eye-tracking-technology-aims-to-take-your-unconscious-pizza-order/. Zugegriffen am 29.12.2014.
Hildenbrand, A., und R. Kühl. 2014. Ritter Sport und Stiftung Warentest: Informationsdefizite überwinden. Wirtschaftsdienst 94(3): 217–220.
Holmqvist, K., M. Nyström, R. Andersson, R. Dewhurst, H. Jarodzka, und J. Van de Weijer. 2011. Eye tracking: A comprehensive guide to methods and measures, 1. Aufl. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Huey, E. B. 1898. Preliminary experiments in the physiology and psychology of reading. The American Journal of Psychology 9(4): 575–586.
Itti, L., und C. Koch. 2000. A saliency-based search mechanism for overt and covert shifts of visual attention. Vision Research 40(10): 1489–1506.
Jacob, R. J., und K. S. Karn. 2003. Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. Mind 2(3): 4.
Just, M. A., und P. A. Carpenter. 1976. Eye fixations and cognitive processes. Cognitive Psychology 8(4): 441–480.
Krajbich, I., C. Armel, und A. Rangel. 2010. Visual fixations and the computation and comparison of value in simple choice. Nature Neuroscience 13(10): 1292–1298.
Krieglmeyer, R., und R. Deutsch. 2010. Comparing measures of approach–avoidance behaviour: The manikin task vs. two versions of the joystick task. Cognition and Emotion 24(5): 810–828.
Krishna, A. 2012. An integrative review of sensory marketing: Engaging the senses to affect perception, judgment and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology 22:332–351.
Krishnan, H. S. 1996. Characteristics of memory associations: A consumer-based brand equity perspective. International Journal of Research in Marketing 13(4): 389–405.
Le Meur, O., und T. Baccino. 2013. Methods for comparing scanpaths and saliency maps: Strengths and weaknesses. Behavior Research Methods 45(1): 251–266.
Maison, D., A. G. Greenwald, und R. H. Bruin. 2004. Predictive validity of the Implicit Association Test in studies of brands, consumer attitudes, and behavior. Journal of Consumer Psychology 14(4): 405–415.
Meissner, F., und K. Rothermund. 2013. Estimating the contributions of associations and recoding in the Implicit Association Test: The ReAL model for the IAT. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 104(1): 45–69.
Neely, J. H., D. E. Keefe, und K. L. Ross. 1989. Semantic priming in the lexical decision task: Roles of prospective prime-generated expectancies and retro-spective semantic matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 15:1003–1019.
Nosek, B. A., C. B. Hawkins, und R. S. Frazier. 2011. Implicit social cognition: From measures to mechanisms. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 15(4): 152–159.
Orquin, J. L., und S. Mueller Loose. 2013. Attention and choice: A review on eye movements in decision making. Acta Psychologica 144(1): 190–206.
Oskamp, S., und P. W. Schultz. 2005. Attitudes and opinions, 3. Aufl. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Pieters, R., und L. Warlop. 1999. Visual attention during brand choice: The impact of time pressure and task motivation. International Journal of Research in Marketing 16(1): 1–16.
Pieters, R., und M. Wedel. 2008. Informativeness of eye movements for visual marketing: six cornerstones. In Visual marketing – From attention to action, Hrsg. M. Wedel und R. Pieters. 1. Aufl., New York.
Rayner, K., und M. S. Castelhano. 2008. Eye movements during reading, scene perception, visual search, and while looking at print advertisement. In Visual marketing – From attention to action, Hrsg. M. Wedel und R. Pieters, 1. Aufl., 9–42. New York: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Ridder, W. H., und A. Tomlinson. 1997. A comparison of saccadic and blink suppression in normal observers. Vision Research 37(22): 3171–3179.
Scarabis, M., und A. Florack. 2003. Was denkt der Konsument wirklich? Reaktionszeitbasierte Verfahren als Instrument der Markenanalyse. Planung & Analyse 6: 30–35.
Scarabis, M., und A. Florack. 2007. Neue Einsichten durch neue Methoden: Reaktionszeitbasierte Verfahren in der Marken und Werbeforschung. In Psychologie der Markenführung, Hrsg. A. Florack, M. Scarabis und E. Primosch, 463–483. München: Vahlen.
Shimojo, S., C. Simion, E. Shimojo, und C. Scheier. 2003. Gaze bias both reflects and influences preference. Nature Neuroscience 6(12): 1317–1322.
Slabbinck, H., J. De Houwer, und P. Van Kenhove. 2011. A pictorial attitude IAT as a measure of implicit motives. European Journal of Personality 25(1): 76–86.
Sriram, N., und A. G. Greenwald. 2009. The brief implicit association test. Experimental Psychology 56(4): 283–294.
Strack, F., und R. Deutsch. 2004. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review 8: 220–247.
Van Dantzig, S., D. Pecher, und R. A. Zwaan. 2008. Approach and avoidance as action effects. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 61(9): 1298–1306.
Wedel, M. 2013. Attention research in marketing: A review of eye tracking studies. Robert H. Smith School Research Paper No. RHS, 2460289.
Wedel, M., und R. Pieters. 2000. Eye fixations on advertisements and memory for brands: A model and findings. Marketing Science 19(4): 297–312.
Wedel, M., und R. Pieters. 2006. Eye tracking for visual marketing. Foundations and Trends in Marketing 1(4): 231–320.
Wedel, M., und R. Pieters. 2008. A review of eye-tracking research in marketing. Review of Marketing Research 4: 123–147.
Wittenbrink, B. 2007. Measuring attitudes through priming. In Implicit measures of attitudes, Hrsg. B. Wittenbrink und N. Schwarz, 17–58. New York.
Wittenbrink, B., C. M. Judd, und B. Park. 1997. Evidence for racial prejudice at the implicit level and its relationship with questionnaire measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 72(2): 262.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Gabler Verlag | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden GmbH, Wiesbaden
About this entry
Cite this entry
Palcu, J., Florack, A. (2015). Eye-Tracking und reaktionszeitbasierte Verfahren zur Messung impliziter Kommunikationswirkungen. In: Esch, FR., Langner, T., Bruhn, M. (eds) Handbuch Controlling der Kommunikation. Springer NachschlageWissen. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05260-7_11-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-05260-7_11-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden
Online ISBN: 978-3-658-05260-7
eBook Packages: Springer Referenz Wirtschaftswissenschaften