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Impingement-Syndrome und Verletzungen der Rotatorenmanschette

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Zusammenfassung

Eine häufige Verletzung im orthopädischen (vor allem sportorthopädischen) Alltag stellt die Sportlerschulter dar. Oft führt ein funktionell einseitiges Training zu einer progredienten Verkürzung der dorsalen Kapsel und in hoher Abduktion zu einer verminderten hohen Innenrotation. Dies führt langfristig zu einem inneren „Impingement“ im Bereich des posterosuperioren Glenoids (posterosuperiores Impingement, PSI). Kommt es anschließend zu einem Kontakt der artikularseitigen Supraspinatus- und Infraspinatussehne mit dem posterosuperioren Glenoidrand, entsteht das Verletzungsbild einer partiellen oder vollständigen Ruptur der Rotatorenmanschette (RM). Beim anterosuperioren Impingement (ASI) kommt es vor allem bei Innenrotation, Flexion und Adduktion durch einen ständigen Kontakt des Pulley-Systems mit der SSC-Sehne und dem anterosuperioren Glenoidrand zu persistierenden Schmerzen. Aufgrund der Biomechanik des Menschen sowie der daraus resultierenden höheren Belastung treten RM-Rupturen am häufigsten im anterosuperioren Schulteraspekt auf. Die konservative Therapie der RM-Läsion ist bei inaktiven Patienten mit reduzierter Compliance, bei bestehender Frozen-Shoulder-Symptomatik oder kleineren Partialläsionen indiziert. Zeigen sich die konservativen Maßnahmen erschöpft oder handelt es sich um Rupturen mit einer Defektgröße von >50 %, traumatische Rupturen oder Massenrupturen (mehr als 2 Sehnen), ist eine operative Therapie indiziert. Die Rekonstruktion der Rotatorenmanschette stellt hierbei die Therapie der Wahl dar. In den letzten Jahren hat sich hierbei eine neue Technik bei nicht rekonstruierbaren Rupturen der Supraspinatussehne als vielversprechend gezeigt (SCR, „superior capsule reconstruction“). Als Alternative bei nicht rekonstruierbaren Sehnendefekten steht ein autologer Sehnentransfer zur Verfügung. Ist bei dem Patienten bereits eine exzentrische Omarthrose oder eine Cuff-Arthropathie eingetreten, ist als die einzige operative Maßnahme die Implantation einer inversen Prothese indiziert.

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Correspondence to Andreas B. Imhoff .

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Imhoff, A.B., Berthold, D.P. (2019). Impingement-Syndrome und Verletzungen der Rotatorenmanschette. In: Engelhardt, M., Raschke, M. (eds) Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54673-0_35-1

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