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Kongenitale Kyphosen, Kyphosen bei Systemerkrankungen

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Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie

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Zusammenfassung

Behandlungsbedürftige sagittale Profilstörungen sind im Wachstumsalter seltener als Skoliosen. Meist geht es um pathologische Kyphosen. Es gilt, die angeborenen (kongenitalen), meist mono- bis oligosegmentalen Kyphosen von den während des Wachstums erworbenen Formen zu unterscheiden. Letztere betreffen größere Abschnitte der Wirbelsäule und kommen am häufigsten in Form des Morbus Scheuermanns der Brustwirbelsäule vor. Daneben gibt es jedoch viele Syndrome, wie z. B. das Marfan-Syndrom, bei dem Hyperkyphosen gehäuft auftreten. Biomechanisch führt eine vermehrte Kyphosierung grundsätzlich zu einer ventralen Translation des Kopfes und damit zu einem ventralen sagittalen Lotverlust. Je kaudaler im Achsenskelett und je größer die Kyphose desto ausgeprägter ist dieser Effekt. Im Wachstumsalter gelingt es, bei normanatomischer Wirbelsäule in den kranial und kaudal angrenzenden Abschnitten mittels einer Lordosierung aktiv gegenzusteuern und das Lot wiederherzustellen. Prognostisch sind die aktive Aufrechterhaltung dieser Kompensationsmechanismen respektive der kompensatorische Flachrücken hinsichtlich Rückenschmerzen ungünstig. Im fortgeschrittenen Erwachsenenalter kommt es denn auch häufig durch die nachlassende Muskelkraft im Rahmen der natürlichen Sarkopenie zu einem Lotverlust. Demzufolge zielen die therapeutischen Maßnahmen im Wachstumsalter auf eine Korrektur der Kyphose, falls schon Kompensationsmechanismen vorhanden sind, Schmerz oder neurologische Defizite Leitsymptome sind oder eine wesentliche kosmetische Beeinträchtigung vorliegt. Rigide, primär schon ausgeprägte oder progressive kongenitale Kyphosen bedürfen einer von posterior durchgeführten Osteotomie oder Wirbelresektion mit mono- bis oligosegmentaler Fusion, bevorzugt meist schon im Kleinkindesalter. Langstreckige, progressive Kyphosen können bei Kindern unter 10 Jahren initial mit seriellen Gipsen und Korsetten und bei unkontrollierbarer Progression mit wachstumserhaltenden, operativen Strategien (Wachstumsstäbe) behandelt werden. Nach dem 10. Lebensjahr soll je nach Reifezustand eine definitive instrumentierte Aufrichtespondylodese diskutiert werden. Zu beachten sind – vor allem bei den kongenitalen Formen – die häufig assoziierten intraspinalen Pathologien, die allenfalls einen gleichzeitigen oder vorangehenden neurochirurgischen Eingriff bedingen. Bei den syndromassoziierten Hyperkyphosen und Systemerkrankungen empfiehlt sich von Beginn an eine interdisziplinäre Betreuung, um die kardialen, pulmonalen, urologischen und metabolischen Komorbiditäten optimal abzuklären und zu therapieren. Operative Korrekturen von Hyperkyphosen – vor allem von schweren kongenitalen Formen im Brustwirbelsäulenbereich – gehen mit einem beträchtlichen neurologischen Komplikationsrisiko einher. Eine routinemäßige präoperative neuropädiatrische klinische Beurteilung, eine Magnetresonanztomographie der gesamten Neuralachse, ein multimodales intraoperatives Rückenmarksmonitoring und ein erfahrenes Chirurgenteam minimieren dieses Risiko.

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Hasler, CC. (2020). Kongenitale Kyphosen, Kyphosen bei Systemerkrankungen. In: Engelhardt, M., Raschke, M. (eds) Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie. Springer Reference Medizin. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54673-0_101-1

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