Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Critical Importance of Standardized Nomenclature and Classification in Venous Surgery and Interventional Treatments

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
PanVascular Medicine

  • 202 Accesses

Abstract

In this chapter the authors explain the need for standardization of nomenclature and classification of deep venous disease in patients selected for venous surgery and/or (minimally invasive) interventional treatment. For both acute deep vein obstruction (deep vein thrombosis) and chronic deep vein obstruction (deep vein stenosis or occlusion), the concept behind treatment selection and classification of disease is explained and illustrated with figures.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

CVO:

Chronic venous obstruction due to stenosis or occlusion of deep veins

DVO:

Deep vein obstruction

DVOC:

Deep Vein Obstruction Classification

DVT:

Deep vein thrombosis

Imaging:

Radiological image assessment of disease

LET classification:

Lower extremity thrombosis classification

LOVE score:

Lower extremity venous pathology score

References

  • Abenhaim L, Kurz X (1997) The VEINES study (VEnous Insufficiency Epidemiologic and Economic Study): an international cohort study on chronic venous disorders of the leg. Angiology 48(1):59–66

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akesson H, Brudin L, Dahlstrom JA, Eklof B, Ohlin P, Plate G (1990) Venous function assessed during a five-year period after acute ilio-femoral venous thrombosis treated with anticoagulation. Eur J Vasc Surg 4:43–48

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alhalbouni S, Hingorani A, Shiferson A (2012) Iliac-femoral venous stenting for lower extremity venous stasis symptoms. Ann Vasc Surg 26:185–189

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allegra CC et al (2002) The “C” of CEAP: suggested definitions and refinements: an international union of phlebology conference of experts. J Vasc Surg 129–131

    Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldussen CW, Wittens CH (2012) An imaging approach to deep vein thrombosis and the lower extremity thrombosis classification. Phlebology 27(Suppl 1):143–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnoldussen CW, de Graaf R, Wittens CH, de Haan MW (2013) Value of magnetic resonance venography and computed tomographic venography in lower extremity chronic venous disease. Phlebology 28(Suppl 1):169–175

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Baglin T, Douketis J, Tosetto A, Marcucci M, Cushman M, Kyrle P, Palareti G, Poli D, Tait RC, Iorio A (2010) Does the clinical presentation and extent of venous thrombosis predict likelihood and type of recurrence? A patient-level meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost 8(11):2436–2442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biemans AAMA et al (2011) Validation of the chronic venous insufficiency quality of life questionnaire in Dutch patients treated for varicose veins. Eur J of Vasc Endovasc Surg 42(2):8–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavezzi A, Labropoulos N, Partsch H (2006) Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs – UIP consensus document. Part II. Anatomy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 31:288–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coleridge-Smith P, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Myers K, Nicolaides A, Cavezzi A (2006) Duplex ultrasound investigation of the veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs – UIP consensus document. Part I. Basic principles. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 31:83–92

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Comerota AJ (2010) Randomized trial evidence supporting a strategy of thrombus removal for acute DVT. Semin Vasc Surg 23(3):192–198

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delis KT, Bountouroglou D, Mansfield AO (2004) Venous claudication in iliofemoral thrombosis: long-term effects on venous hemodynamics, clinical status, and quality of life. Ann Surg 239(1):118–126

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Douketis JD, Crowther MA, Foster GA, Ginsberg JS (2001) Does the location of thrombosis determine the risk of disease recurrence in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis? Am J Med 110:515–519

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eklöf BB et al (2004) Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg 40(6):1248–1252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Enden T, Haig Y, Kløw NE, Slagsvold CE, Sandvik L, Ghanima W, Hafsahl G, Holme PA, Holmen LO, Njaastad AM, Sandbæk G, Sandset PM, CaVenT Study Group (2012) Long-term outcome after additional catheter-directed thrombolysis versus standard treatment for acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (the CaVenT study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 379(9810):31–38

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galanaud JP, Genty C, Sevestre MA, Brisot D, Lausecker M, Gillet JL, Rolland C, Righini M, Leftheriotis G, Bosson JL, Quere I (2011) Predictive factors for concurrent deep-vein thrombosis and symptomatic venous thromboembolic recurrence in case of superficial venous thrombosis. The OPTIMEV study. OPTIMEV SFMV investigators. Thromb Haemost 105

    Google Scholar 

  • Haig Y, Enden T, Slagsvold CE, Sandvik L, Sandset PM, Kløw NE (2013) Determinants of early and long-term efficacy of catheter-directed thrombolysis in proximal deep vein thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 24(1):17–24

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann LV, Kuo WT (2012) Catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute DVT. Lancet 379(9810):3–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hope C, Braithwaite BD (2011) The online aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire is an acceptable rationing tool. J One Day Surg 21(1):15–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Jantet G (2002) Chronic venous insufficiency: worldwide results of the RELIEF study. Angiology 53(3):245–256

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn SR (2009) Measurement properties of the villalta scale to define and classify the severity of the post-thrombotic syndrome. J Thromb Haemost 7(5):884–888

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn SR, Ginsberg JS (2004) Relationship between deep venous thrombosis and the postthrombotic syndrome. Arch Intern Med 164:17–26

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn SR et al (2006) VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire was a reliable and valid disease-specific quality of life measure for deep venous thrombosis. J Clin Epidemiol 59(10):1049–1056

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn SR, Shrier I, Julian JA, Ducruet T, Arsenault L, Miron MJ, Roussin A, Desmarais S, Joyal F, Kassis J, Solymoss S, Desjardins L, Lamping DL, Johri M, Ginsberg JS (2008) Determinants and time course of the postthrombotic syndrome after acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 149(10):698–707

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn SR et al (2009) Definition of post-thrombotic syndrome of the leg for use in clinical investigations: a recommendation for standardization. J Thromb Haemost 7(5):879–883

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kearon C, Akl EA, Comerota AJ, Prandoni P, Bounameaux H, Goldhaber SZ, Nelson ME, Wells PS, Gould MK, Dentali F, Crowther M, Kahn SR, American College of Chest Physicians (2012) Antithrombotic therapy for VTE disease: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):e419S–e494S. Erratum in: Chest. 2012 Dec;142(6):1698–1704

    PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klem TMAL, Sybrandy JEM, Wittens CHA (2009a) Measurement of health-related quality of life with the Dutch translated Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire before and after treatment. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 37(4):470–476

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klem TMAL, Sybrandy JEM, Wittens CHA et al (2009b) Reliability and validity of the Dutch translated Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 37(2):232–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurz X et al (1999) Chronic venous disorders of the leg: epidemiology, outcomes, diagnosis and management. Summary of an evidence-based report of the VEINES task force. Venous insufficiency epidemiologic and economic studies. Int Angiol 18:83–102

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamping DL et al (2003) Evaluation of outcomes in chronic venous disorders of the leg: development of a scientifically rigorous, patient-reported measure of symptoms and quality of life. J Vasc Surg 37(2):410–419

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Launois R, Reboul-Marty J, Henry B (1996) Construction and validation of a quality of life questionnaire in chronic lower limb venous insufficiency (CIVIQ). Qual Life Res 5(6):539–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Launois RR et al (2012) Construction and international validation of CIVIQ-14 (a short form of CIVIQ-20), a new questionnaire with a stable factorial structure. Qual Life Res 21(6):1051–1058

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May R, Thurner J (1957) The cause of the predominantly sinistral occurrence of thrombosis of the pelvic veins. Angiology 8(5):419–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Meissner MH, Manzo RA, Bergelin RO, Markel A, Strandness DE (1993) Deep venous insufficiency: the relationship between lysis and subsequent reflux. J Vasc Surg 18(4):596–608

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mewissen MW, Seabrook GR, Meissner MH, Cynamon J, Labropoulos N, Haughton SH (1999) Catheter-directed thrombolysis for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis: report of a national multicenter registry. Radiology 211(1):39–49

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Motykie GD et al (1999) Evaluation of therapeutic compression stockings in the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency. Dermatol Surg 25(2):116–120

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neglen P, Hollis KC, Olivier J, Raju S (2007) Stenting of the venous outflow in chronic venous disease: long-term stent-related outcome, clinical, and hemodynamic result. J Vasc Surg 46:979–990

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nesbitt CC et al (2012) Interpretation of patient-reported outcome measures for varicose vein surgery. Phlebology 27(4):173–178

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrin M et al (2006) Evaluation of the new severity scoring system in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs: an observational study conducted by French angiologists. Phlebolymphology 13(1):6–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Porter JM, Moneta GL (1995) Reporting standards in venous disease: an update. International Consensus Committee on Chronic Venous Disease. J Vasc Surg 21(4):635–645

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Cogo A, Cuppini S, Villalta S, Carta M, Cattelan AM, Polistena P, Bernardi E, Prins MH (1996) The long-term clinical course of acute deep venous thrombosis. Ann Intern Med 125(1):1–7

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prandoni P, Noventa F, Ghirarduzzi A, Pengo V, Bernardi E, Pesavento R, Iotti M, Tormene D, Simioni P, Pagnan A (2007) The risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism after discontinuing anticoagulation in patients with acute proximal deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. A prospective cohort study in 1,626 patients. Haematologica 92(2):199–205

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rabe EE, Pannier FF (2012) Clinical, aetiological, anatomical and pathological classification (CEAP): gold standard and limits. Phlebology 27(Suppl 1):114–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rodger MA et al (2008) Inter-observer reliability of measures to assess the post-thrombotic syndrome. Thromb Haemost 100(1):164–166

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roumen-Klappe EM, Janssen MC, Van Rossum J, Holewijn S, Van Bokhoven MM, Kaasjager K, Wollersheim H, Den Heijer M (2009) Inflammation in deep vein thrombosis and the development of post-thrombotic syndrome: a prospective study. J Thromb Haemost 7(4):582–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutherford RB et al (2000) Venous severity scoring: an adjunct to venous outcome assessment. J Vasc Surg 31(6):1307–1312

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shebel ND, Whalen CC (2005) Diagnosis and management of iliac vein compression syndrome. J Vasc Nurs 23(1):10–17

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JJ et al (2000) Measuring the quality of life in patients with venous ulcers. J Vasc Surg 31(4):642–649

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart ALA, Hays RDR, Ware JEJ (1988) The MOS short-form general health survey reliability and validity in a patient population. Med care 26(7):724–735

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streiner DL, Norman GR (2008) Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Strijkers RH, Cate-Hoek AJ, Bukkems SF, Wittens CHA (2011) Management of deep vein thrombosis and prevention of post-thrombotic syndrome. BMJ 343:d5916

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strijkers RHW, Wittens CHA, Kahn SR (2012) Villalta scale: goals and limitations. Phlebology 27(Suppl 1):130–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Titus JM, Moise MA, Bena J, Lyden SP, Clair DG (2011) Iliofemoral stenting for venous occlusive disease. J Vasc Surg 53:706–712

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuygun AKA et al (2012) Validity and reliability of VEINES-QOL/Sym questionnaire in chronic venous disorders. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 53(3):355–361

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez MA, Munschauer CE (2008) Venous Clinical Severity Score and quality-of-life assessment tools: application to vein practice. Phlebology 23(6):259–275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez MA, Munschauer CE (2012) Revised venous clinical severity score: a facile measurement of outcomes in venous disease. Phlebology 27(Suppl 1):119–129

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasquez MA et al (2010) Revision of the venous clinical severity score: venous outcomes consensus statement: special communication of the American Venous Forum Ad Hoc Outcomes Working Group. J Vasc Surg 52(5):1387–1396

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Villalta S, Bagatella P, Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, Prandoni P (1994) Assessment of validity and reproducibility of a clinical scale for the postthrombotic syndrome. Haemostasis 24:158

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogel D, Comerota AJ, Al-Jabouri M, Assi ZI (2012) Common femoral endovenectomy with iliocaval endoluminal recanalization improves symptoms and quality of life in patients with postthrombotic iliofemoral obstruction. J Vasc Surg 55(1):129–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward A, Abisi S, Braithwaite BD (2013) An online patient completed Aberdeen varicose vein questionnaire can help to guide primary care referrals. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 45(2):178–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteley M, Prytherch D (1996) Regarding “presidential address: vascular surgery–comparing outcomes”. J Vasc Surg 24(6):1066

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Further Readings

  • CIVIQ-20. What does CIVIQ-20 assess? civiq-20.com. http://www.civiq-20.com/?page_id=45. Accessed 30 June 2013

  • Gaweesh AS, Kayed MH, Gaweesh TY, Shalhoub J, Davies AH, Khamis HM (2013) Underlying deep venous abnormalities in patients with unilateral chronic venous disease. Phlebology 28(8):426–431

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guex J-J, Rahhali N, Taïeb C (2010) The patient’s burden of chronic venous disorders: construction of a questionnaire. Phlebology 25(6):280–285

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt GH, Akl EA, Crowther M, Gutterman DD, Schuünemann HJ, American College of Chest Physicians Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Panel (2012) Executive summary: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 141(2 Suppl):7S–47S

    Article  PubMed  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mokkink LB, Terwee CB, Patrick DL, Alonso J, Stratford PW, Knol DL (2010) The COSMIN checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies on measurement properties of health status measurement instruments: an international Delphi study. Qual Life Res 19(4):539–549

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • National Health Service (2008) Guidance on the routine collection of Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs). NHS 23:1–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaides A, Clark H, Labropoulos N, Geroulakos G, Lugli M, Maleti O (2014) Quantitation of reflux and outflow obstruction in patients with CVD and correlation with clinical severity. Int Angiol 33:275–281

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streiner DL, Norman GR (2008) Health measurement scales: a practical guide to their development and use, 4 edn. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Viecuri Medical Centre, Tegelseweg 210, 1926, 5900, Venlo, BL, The Netherlands

    Carsten W. K. P. Arnoldussen

  2. Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Carsten W. K. P. Arnoldussen

  3. European Vascular Center Aachen-Maastricht, University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Carsten W. K. P. Arnoldussen & Prof. Cees H. A. Wittens

  4. Department of Vascular Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, P. Debyelaan 25, 5800, 6202, Maastricht, AZ, The Netherlands

    Fabio S. Catarinella & Prof. Cees H. A. Wittens

Authors
  1. Carsten W. K. P. Arnoldussen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fabio S. Catarinella
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Prof. Cees H. A. Wittens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carsten W. K. P. Arnoldussen .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Akademisches Lehrkrankenhaus MLU, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany

    Peter Lanzer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Arnoldussen, C.W.K.P., Catarinella, F.S., Wittens, C.H.A. (2014). Critical Importance of Standardized Nomenclature and Classification in Venous Surgery and Interventional Treatments. In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_261-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_261-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37393-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation