Abstract
Vasospastic angina (VSA) is one of the important functional cardiac disorders characterized by transient myocardial ischemia due to epicardial coronary artery spasm. In this chapter, I review the clinical features of VSA including pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatments, and prognosis. Furthermore, I also refer to the evidence of microvascular angina.
Abbreviations
- Coronary vasospasm:
-
State of functional hemodynamically relevant narrowing of a coronary artery due to hypercontraction of smooth muscle cells of the coronary artery walls
References
Aoki M, Koyanagi S, Sakai K, Irie T, Takeshita A, Nakagaki O (1990) Exercise-induced silent myocardial ischemia in patients with vasospastic angina. Am Heart J 119:551–556
Araki H, Koiwaya Y, Nakagaki O, Nakamura M (1983) Diurnal distribution of ST-segment elevation and related arrhythmias in patients with variant angina: a study by ambulatory ECG monitoring. Circulation 67:995–1000
Araki H, Hayata N, Matsuguchi T, Takeshita A, Nakamura M (1986) Diagnosis of important fixed coronary stenosis in patients with variant angina by exercise tests after treatment with calcium antagonists. Br Heart J 56:138–145
Beltrame JF, Sasayama S, Maseri A (1999) Racial heterogeneity in coronary artery vasomotor reactivity: differences between Japanese and Caucasian patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1442–1452
Boden WE, Bough EW, Korr KS, Benham I, Gheorghiade M, Caputi A, Shulman RS (1981) Exercise-induced coronary spasm with ST segment depression and normal coronary arteriography. Am J Cardiol 48:193–197
Camici PG, Crea F (2007) Coronary microvascular dysfunction. N Engl J Med 356:830–840
Cannon RO III (1988) “Microvascular angina” as a cause of chest pain with angiographically normal coronary arteries. Am J Cardiol 61:1338–1343
Caralis DG, Deligonul U, Kern MJ, Cohen JD (1992) Smoking is a risk factor for coroary spasm in young women. Circulation 85:905–909
Chevalier P, Dacosta A, Defaye P, Chalvidan T, Bonnefoy E, Kirkorian G, Isaaz K, Denis B, Touboul P (1998) Arrhythmic cardiac arrest due to isolated coronary artery spasm: long-term outcome of seven resuscitated patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:57–61
Chierchia S, de Caterina R, Crea F, Patrono C, Maseri A (1982) Failure of thromboxane A2 blockade to prevent attacks of vasospastic angina. Circulation 66:702–705
Chierchia S, Davies G, Berkenboom G, Crea F, Crean P, Maseri A (1984) Alpha-adrenergic receptors and coronary spasm: an elusive link. Circulation 69:8–14
Clarke JG, Davies GJ, Kerwin R, Hackett D, Larkin S, Dawbarn D, Lee Y, Bloom SR, Yacoub M, Maseri A (1987) Coronary artery infusion of neuropeptide Y in patients with angina pectoris. Lancet 1:1057–1059
Curry RC Jr, Pepine CJ, Sabom MB, Conti CR (1979) Similarities of ergonovine-induced and spontaneous attacks of variant angina. Circulation 59:307–312
de Caterina R, Carpeggiani C, L’Abbate A (1984) A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of ketanserin in patients with Prinzmetal’s angina. Evidence against a role for serotonin in the genesis of coronary vasospasm. Circulation 69:889–894
Egashira K, Inou T, Yamada A, Hirooka Y, Takeshita A (1992) Preserved endothelium-dependent vasodilation at the vasospastic site in patients with variant angina. J Clin Invest 89:1047–1052
Egashira K, Inou T, Hirooka Y, Yamada A, Urabe Y, Takeshita A (1993) Evidence of impaired endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilatation in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. N Engl J Med 328:1659–1664
Egashira K, Katsuda Y, Mohri M, Kuga T, Tagawa T, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A (1996) Basal release of endothelium-derived nitric oxide at site of spasm in patients with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 27:1444–1449
Fukai T, Koyanagi S, Takeshita A (1993) Role of coronary vasospasm in the pathogenesis of myocardial infarction: study in patients with no significant coronary stenosis. Am Heart J 126:1305–1311
Gaspardone A, Tomai F, Versaci F, Ghini AS, Polisca P, Crea F, Gioffre PA (1999) Coronary artery stent placement in patients with variant angina refractory to medical treatment. Am J Cardiol 84:96–98
Gensini GG, Di Giorgi S, Murad-Netto S, Black A (1962) Arteriographic demonstration of coronary artery spasm and its release after the use of a vasodilator in a case of angina pectoris and in the experimental animal. Angiology 13:550–553
Greenberg MA, Grose RM, Neuburger N, Silverman R, Strain JE, Cohen MV (1987) Impaired coronary vasodilator responsiveness as a cause of lactate production during pacing-induced ischemia in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 9:743–751
Holmes DR Jr, Hartzler GO, Smith HC, Fuster V (1981) Coronary artery thrombosis in patients with unstable angina. Br Heart J 45:411–416
Hoshio A, Kotake H, Mashiba H (1989) Significance of coronary artery tone in patients with vasospastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:604–609
Irie T, Imaizumi T, Matuguchi T, Koyanagi S, Kanaide H, Takeshita A (1989) Increased fibrinopeptide A during anginal attacks in patients with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:589–594
Ito A, Egashira K, Kadokami T, Fukumoto Y, Takayanagi T, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A (1995) Chronic inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide causes structural and functional abnormalities in coronary microvessels but not in the large epicardial vessels in pigs. Circulation 92:2636–2644
Itoh T, Mizuno Y, Harada E, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Yasue H (2007) Coronary spasm is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Circ J 71:1074–1078
Kadokami T, Egashira K, Kuwata K, Fukumoto Y, Kozai T, Yasutake H, Kuga T, Shimokawa H, Sueishi K, Takeshita A (1996) Altered serotonin receptor subtypes mediate coronary microvascular hyperreactivity in pigs with chronic inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis. Circulation 94:182–189
Kaikita K, Ogawa H, Yasue H, Sakamoto T, Suefuji H, Sumida H, Okumura K (1995) Soluble P-selectin is released into the coronary circulation after coronary spasm. Circulation 92:1726–1730
Kandabashi T, Shimokawa H, Miyata K, Kunihiro I, Kawano Y, Fukata Y, Higo T, Egashira K, Takahashi S, Kaibuchi K, Takeshita A (2000) Inhibition of myosin phosphatase by upregulated Rho-kinase plays a key role for coronary artery spasm in a porcine model with interleukin-1β. Circulation 101:1319–1323
Kaski JC (1998) Chest pain and normal coronary arteriograms: role of “microvascular spasm”. Lancet 351:1144–1145
Kaski JC, Crea F, Meran D, Rodriguez L, Araujo L, Davies G, Maseri A (1986a) Local coronary supersensitivity to diverse vasoconstrictive stimuli in patients with variant angina. Circulation 74:1255–1265
Kaski JC, Crea F, Nihoyannopoulos P, Hackett D, Maseri A (1986b) Transient myocardial ischemia during daily life in patients with syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 58:1242–1247
Kaski JC, Maseri A, Vejar M, Crea F, Hackett D (1989) Spontaneous coronary artery spasm in variant angina is caused by a local hyperreactivity to a generalized constrictor stimulus. J Am Coll Cardiol 14:1456–1463
Kaski JC, Tousoulis D, Gavrielides S, McFadden E, Galassi AR, Crea F, Maseri A (1991) Comparison of epicardial coronary artery tone and reactivity in prinzmetal’s variant angina and chronic stable angina pectoris. J Am Coll Cardiol 17:1058–1062
Kaski JC, Tousoulis D, McFadden E, Crea F, Pereira WI (1992) Variant angina pectoris. Role of coronary spasm in the development of fixed coronary obstructions. Circulation 85:619–626
Kaski JC, Rosano GMC, Nihoyannopoulos P, Collins P, Maseri A, Poole-Wilson P (1995) Cardiac syndrome X: clinical characteristics and left ventricular function. A long-term follow-up study. J Am Coll Cardiol 25:807–814
Kawana A, Takahashi J, Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Sakata Y, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Goto T, Tanabe Y, Sueda S, Kubo N, Momomura S, Ogawa H, Shimokawa H, Japanese Coronary Spasm Association (2013) Gender differences in the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with Vasospastic angina – a report from the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Circ J 77:1267–1274
Kawano H, Motoyama T, Yasue H, Hirai N, Waly HM, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H (2002) Endothelial function fluctuates with diurnal variation in the frequency of ischemic episodes in patients with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 40:266–270
Kikuchi Y, Yasuda S, Aizawa K, Tsuburaya R, Ito Y, Takeda M, Nakayama M, Ito K, Takahashi J, Shimokawa H (2011) Enhanced Rho-kinase activity in circulating neutrophils of patients with vasospastic angina: a possible biomarker for diagnosis and disease activity assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 58:1231–1237
Koiwaya Y, Torii S, Takeshita A, Nakagaki O, Nakamura M (1982) Postinfarction angina caused by coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 65:275–280
Koyanagi S, Takeshita A, Nakamura M (1989) Clinical characteristics of sudden cardiac death in patients with vasospastic angina. Jpn Circ J 53:1541–1545
Kuga T, Tagawa H, Tomoike H, Mitsuoka W, Egashira S, Ohara Y, Takeshita A, Nakamura M (1993a) Role of coronary artery spasm in progression of organic coronary stenosis and acute myocardial infarction in a swine model. Importance of mode of onset and duration of coronary artery spasm. Circulation 87:573–582
Kuga T, Egashira K, Inou T, Takeshita A (1993b) Correlation of basal coronary artery tone with constrictive response to ergonovine in patients with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 22:144–150
Kuga T, Egashira K, Mohri M, Tsutsui H, Harasawa Y, Urabe Y, Ando S, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A (1995) Bradykinin-induced vasodilation is impaired at the atherosclerotic site but is preserved at the spastic site of human coronary arteries in vivo. Circulation 92:183–189
Kugiyama K, Yasue H, Okumura K, Ogawa H, Fujimoto K, Yoshimura M, Motoyama T, Inobe Y, Kawano H (1996) Nitric oxide activity is deficient in spasm arteries of patients with coronary spastic angina. Circulation 94:266–271
Kugiyama K, Ohgushi M, Motoyama T, Sugiyama S, Ogawa H, Yoshimura M, Hirashima O, Kawano H, Soejima H, Yasue H (1997) Nitric oxide-mediated flow-dependent dilation is impaired in coronary arteries in patients with coronary spastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 30:920–926
Kultursay H, Can L, Payzin S, Turkoglu C, Altintig A, Akin M, Akilli A (1996) A rare indication for stenting: persistent coronary artery spasm. Heart Vessels 11:165–168
Lanza GA, Crea F (2010) Primary coronary microvascular dysfunction: clinical presentation, pathophysiology, and management. Circulation 121:2317–2325
Lanza GA, Manzoli A, Bia E, Crea F, Maseri A (1994) Acute effects of nitrates on exercise testing in patients with syndrome X: clinical and pathophysiological implications. Circulation 90:2695–2700
Lanza GA, Pedrotti P, Pasceri V, Lucente M, Crea F, Maseri A (1996) Autonomic changes associated with spontaneous coronary spasm in patients with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:1249–1256
Lanza GA, Manzoli A, Pasceri V, Colonna G, Cianflone D, Crea F, Maseri A (1997) Ischemia-like ST-segment changes during Holter monitoring in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary arteries but negative exercise testing. Am J Cardiol 79:1–6
Lanza GA, Colonna G, Pasceri V, Maseri A (1999) Atenolol versus amlodipine versus isosorbide-5-mononitrate on anginal symptoms in syndrome X. Am J Cardiol 84:854–856
Lanza GA, Careri G, Crea F (2011) Mechanisms of coronary artery spasm. Circulation 124:1774–1782
Likoff W, Segal BL, Kasparian H (1967) Paradox of normal selective coronary arteriograms in patients considered to have unmistakable coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 276:1063–1066
MacAlpin RN (1980) Contribution of dynamic vascular wall thickening to luminal narrowing during coronary arterial constriction. Circulation 61:296–301
Maseri A (1982) Coronary artery spasm: demonstration, definition, diagnosis, and consequences. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 25:169–192
Maseri A, L’Abbate A, Pesola A, Ballestra AM, Marzilli M, Maltinti G, Severi S, De Nes DM, Parodi O, Biagini A (1977) Coronary vasospasm in angina pectoris. Lancet 1:713–718
Maseri A, L’Abbate A, Baroldi G, Chierchia S, Marzilli M, Ballestra AM, Severi S, Parodi O, Biagini A, Distante A, Pesola A (1978) Coronary vasospasm as a possible cause of myocardial infarction: a conclusion derived from the study of “preinfarction” angina. N Engl J Med 299:1271–1277
Maseri A, Davies G, Hackett D, Kaski JC (1990) Coronary artery spasm and vasoconstriction. The case for a distinction. Circulation 81:1983–1991
Maseri A, Beltrame JF, Shimokawa H (2009) Role of coronary vasoconstriction in ischemic heart disease and search for novel therapeutic targets. Circ J 73:394–403
Masumoto A, Mohri M, Shimokawa H, Urakami L, Usui M, Takeshita A (2002) Suppression of coronary artery spasm by the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil in patients with vasospastic angina. Circulation 105:1545–1547
Matsue Y, Suzuki M, Nishizaki M, Hojo R, Hashimoto Y, Sakurada H (2012) Clinical implications of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with vasospastic angina and lethal ventricular arrhythmia. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:908–913
Miller DD, Waters DD, Szlachcic J, Theroux P (1982) Clinical characteristics associated with sudden death in patients with variant angina. Circulation 66:588–592
Miwa K, Miyagi Y, Igawa A, Nakagawa K, Inoue H (1996) Vitamin E deficiency in variant angina. Circulation 94:14–18
Miwa K, Igawa A, Miyagi Y, Nakagawa K, Inoue H (1998) Alterations of autonomic nervous activity preceding nocturnal variant angina: sympathetic augmentation with parasympathetic impairment. Am Heart J 135:762–771
Mohri M, Takeshita A (1999) Coronary microvascular disease in humans. Jpn Heart J 40:97–108
Mohri M, Koyanagi M, Egashira K, Tagawa H, Ichiki T, Shimokawa H, Takeshita A (1998) Angina pectoris caused by coronary microvascular spasm. Lancet 351:1165–1169
Motoyama T, Kawano H, Kugiyama K, Hirashima O, Ohgushi M, Tsunoda R, Miyao Y, Yoshimura M, Ogawa H, Yasue H (1998) Vitamin E administration improves impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with coronary spastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 32:1672–1679
Motz W, Vogt M, Rabenau O, Scheler S, Lückhoff A, Strauer BE (1991) Evidence of endothelial dysfunction in coronary resistance vessels in patients with angina pectoris and normal coronary angiograms. Am J Cardiol 68:996–1003
Mueller HS, Cohen LS, Braunwald E (1992) Predictors of early morbidity and mortality after thrombolytic therapy of acute myocardial infarction. Analyses of patient subgroups in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) trial, phase II. Circulation 85:1254–1264
Myerburg RJ, Kessler KM, Mallon SM, Cox MM, DeMarchena E, Interian A, Castellanos A (1992) Life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in patients with silent myocardial ischemia due to coronary artery spasm. N Engl J Med 326:1451–1455
Nagasawa K, Tomoike H, Hayashi Y, Yamada A, Yamamoto T (1989) Intramural hemorrhage and endothelial changes in atherosclerotic coronary artery after repetitive episodes of spasm in x-ray-irradiated hypercholesterolemic pigs. Circ Res 65:272–282
Nakamura M (1991) Experimental induction of spasm, sudden progression of organic stenosis and intramural hemorrhage in the epicardial coronary arteries. Basic Res Cardiol 86(Suppl 2):159–172
Nakamura M, Koiwaya Y (1983) Effect of diltiazem on recurrent spontaneous angina after acute myocardial infarction. Circ Res 52:I158–I162
Nakamura M, Takeshita A, Nose Y (1987) Clinical characteristics associated with myocardial infarction, arrhythmias, and sudden death in patients with vasospastic angina. Circulation 75:1110–1116
Nakayama M, Yasue H, Yoshimura M, Shimasaki Y, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Motoyama T, Saito Y, Ogawa Y, Miyamoto Y, Nakao K (1999) T-786->C mutation in the 5’-flanking region of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary spasm. Circulation 99:2864–2870
Nobuyoshi M, Abe M, Nosaka H, Kimura T, Yokoi H, Hamasaki N, Shindo T, Kimura K, Nakamura T, Nakagawa Y (1992) Statistical analysis of clinical risk factors for coronary artery spasm: identification of the most important determinant. Am Heart J 124:32–38
Ockene IS, Shay MJ, Alpert JS, Weiner BH, Dalen JE (1980) Unexplained chest pain in patients with normal coronary arteriograms: a follow-up study of functional status. N Engl J Med 303:1249–1252
Ogawa H, Yasue H, Oshima S, Okumura K, Matsuyama K (1989) Circadian variation of plasma fibrinopeptide A level in patients with variant angina. Circulation 80:1617–1626
Okumura K, Yasue H, Matsuyama K, Goto K, Miyagi H, Ogawa H (1988) Sensitivity and specificity of intracoronary injection of acetylcholine for the induction of coronary artery spasm. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:883–888
Okumura K, Yasue H, Ishizaka H, Ogawa H, Fujii H (1992) Endothelium-dependent dilator response to substance P in patients with coronary spastic angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:838–844
Oliva PB, Breckinridge JC (1977) Arteriographic evidence of coronary arterial spasm in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation 56:366–374
Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Hill S, Vogelsberg H, Voehringer M, Sechtem U (2008) Coronary artery spasm as a frequent cause of acute coronary syndrome: the CASPAR (coronary artery spasm in patients with acute coronary syndrome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:523–527
Ong P, Athanasiadis A, Borgulya G, Mahrholdt H, Kaski JC, Sechtem U (2012) High prevalence of a pathological response to acetylcholine testing in patients with stable angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries. The ACOVA Study (Abnormal COronary VAsomotion in patients with stable angina and unobstructed coronary arteries). J Am Coll Cardiol 59:655–662
Opherk D, Zebe H, Weihe E, Mall G, DÜrr C, Gravert B, Mehmel HC, Schwarz F, KÜbler W (1981) Reduced coronary dilatory capacity and ultrastructural changes of the myocardium in patients with angina pectoris but normal coronary arteriograms. Circulation 63:817–825
Opie LH (1996) Calcium channel antagonists in the management of anginal syndromes: changing concepts in relation to the role of coronary vasospasm. Progr Cardiovasc Dis 38:291–314
Oshima S, Yasue H, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Matsuyama K (1990) Fibrinopeptide A is released into the coronary circulation after coronary spasm. Circulation 82:2222–2225
Ozaki Y, Keane D, Serruys PW (1995) Progression and regression of coronary stenosis in the long-term follow-up of vasospastic angina. Circulation 92:2446–2456
Ozaki Y, Keane D, Serruys PW (1996) Relation of basal coronary tone and vasospastic activity in patients with variant angina. Heart 75:267–273
Prinzmetal M, Kennamer R, Merliss R, Wada T, Bor N (1959) A variant form of angina pectoris. Am J Med 27:375–388
Roberts WC, Curry RC Jr, Isner JM, Waller BF, McManus BM, Ross AM (1982) Sudden death in Prinzmetal’s angina with coronary spasm documented by angiography. Analysis of three necropsy patients. Am J Cardiol 50:203–210
Robertson RM, Wood AJ, Vaughn WK, Robertson D (1982) Exacerbation of vasotonic angina pectoris by propranolol. Circulation 65:281–285
Robertson RM, Bernard YD, Carr RK, Robertson D (1983) Alpha-adrenergic blockade in vasospastic angina: lack of efficacy of specific alpha-receptor blockade with prazosin. J Am Coll Cardiol 2:1146–1153
Rosano GM, Peters NS, Lefroy D, Lindsay DC, Sarrel PM, Collins P, Poole-Wilson PA (1996) 17-beta-estradiol therapy lessens angina in postmenopausal women with syndrome X. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:1500–1505
Saitoh T, Kishida H, Hanashi A, Tsukada Y, Fukuma Y, Sano J, Fukuma N, Hayakawa H (1998) Coronary hyperreactivity to adrenergic stimulation and increased nocturnal vagal tone trigger coronary vasospasm. Jpn Circ J 62:721–726
Satake K, Lee JD, Shimizu H, Ueda T, Nakamura T (1996) Relation between severity of magnesium deficiency and frequency of anginal attacks in men with variant angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 28:897–902
Scholl JM (1986) Comparison of risk factors in vasospastic angina without significant fixed coronary narrowing to significant fixed coronary narrowing and no vasospastic angina. Am J Cardiol 57:199–202
Severi S, Davies G, Maseri A, Marzullo P, L’Abbate A (1980) Long-term prognosis of ‘variant’ angina with medical treatment. Am J Cardiol 46:226–232
Shimokawa H (1999) Primary endothelial dysfunction: atherosclerosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 31:23–37
Shimokawa H, Takeshita A (2005) Rho-kinase is an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 25:1767–1775
Shimokawa H, Tomoike H, Nabeyama S, Yamamoto H, Araki H, Nakamura M, Ishii Y, Tanaka K (1983) Coronary artery spasm induced in atherosclerotic miniature swine. Science 221:560–562
Shimokawa H, Tomoike H, Nabeyama S, Yamamoto H, Ishii Y, Tanaka K, Nakamura M (1985) Coronary artery spasm induced in miniature swine: angiographic evidence and relation to coronary atherosclerosis. Am Heart J 110:300–310
Shimokawa H, Nagasawa K, Irie T, Egashira S, Egashira K, Sagara T, Nakamura M (1988) Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of patients with variant angina. A comparative study between western and Japanese populations. Int J Cardiol 18:331–349 (#36)
Shimokawa H, Seto M, Katsumata N, Amano M, Kozai T, Yamawaki T, Kuwata K, Kandabashi T, Egashira K, Ikegaki I, Asano T, Kaibuchi K, Takeshita A (1999) Rho-kinase-mediated pathway induces enhanced myosin light chain phosphorylations in a swine model of coronary artery spasm. Cardiovasc Res 43:1029–1039
Shinozaki K, Suzuki M, Ikebuchi M, Takaki H, Hara Y, Tsushima M, Harano Y (1995) Insulin resistance associated with compensatory hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for vasospastic angina. Circulation 92:1749–1757
Somlyo AP, Somlyo AV (1994) Signal transduction and regulation in smooth muscle. Nature 372:231–236
Specchia G, De Servi S, Falcone C, Bramucci E, Angoli L, Mussini A, Marinoni GP, Montemartini C, Bobba P (1979) Coronary arterial spasm as a cause of exercise-induced ST-segment elevation in patients with variant angina. Circulation 59:948–954
Sugiishi M, Takatsu F (1993) Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for coronary spasm. Circulation 87:76–79
Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Takahashi J, Takeda M, Nakayama M, Ito K, Hirose M, Wakayama Y, Fukuda K, Shimokawa H (2009) Importance of dual induction tests for coronary vasospasm and ventricular fibrillation in patients surviving out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Circ J 73:767–769
Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Goto T, Tanabe Y, Sueda S, Sato T, Ogawa S, Kubo N, Momomura S, Ogawa H, Shimokawa H, Japanese Coronary Spasm Association (2011) Clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of vasospastic angina patients who survived out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: multicenter registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 4:295–302
Takagi Y, Yasuda S, Takahashi J, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Goto T, Tanabe Y, Sueda S, Sato T, Ogawa S, Kubo N, Momomura S, Ogawa H, Shimokawa H, Japanese Coronary Spasm Association (2013a) Clinical implications of provocation tests for coronary artery spasm: safety, arrhythmic complications, and prognostic impact: multicentre registry study of the Japanese Coronary Spasm Association. Eur Heart J 34:258–267
Takagi Y, Takahashi J, Yasuda S, Miyata S, Tsunoda R, Ogata Y, Seki A, Sumiyoshi T, Matsui M, Goto T, Tanabe Y, Sueda S, Sato T, Ogawa S, Kubo N, Momomura S, Ogawa H, Shimokawa H, Japanese Coronary Spasm Association (2013b) Prognostic stratification of patients with vasospastic angina: a comprehensive clinical risk score developed by the Japanese coronary spasm association. J Am Coll Cardiol 62:1144–1153
Takemoto M, Sun J, Hiroki J, Shimokawa H, Liao JK (2002) Rho-kinase mediates hypoxia-induced down-regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 106:57–62
Takeshita A, Koiwaya Y, Nakamura M, Yamamoto K, Torii S (1982) Immediate appearance of coronary collaterals during ergonovine-induced arterial spasm. Chest 82:319–322
Takusagawa M, Komori S, Umetani K, Ishihara T, Sawanobori T, Kohno I, Yin D, Ijiri H, Tamura K (1999) Alterations of autonomic nervous activity in recurrence of variant angina. Heart 82:75–81
Tashiro H, Shimokawa H, Koyanagi S, Takeshita A (1993) Clinical characteristics of patients with spontaneous remission of variant angina. Jpn Circ J 57:117–122
The Multicenter Diltiazem Postinfarction Trial Research Group (1988) The effect of diltiazem on mortality and reinfarction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 319:385–392
Tsuchiya T, Okumura K, Yasue H, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H (1996) Heart period variability in patients with variant angina. Am J Cardiol 77:932–936
Wakabayashi K, Suzuki H, Honda Y, Wakatsuki D, Kawachi K, Ota K, Koba S, Shimizu N, Asano F, Sato T, Takeyama Y (2008) Provoked coronary spasm predicts adverse outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction: a novel predictor of prognosis after acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:518–522
Waters DD, Miller DD, Szlachcic J, Bouchard A, Methe M, Kreeft J, Theroux P (1983) Factors influencing the long-term prognosis of treated patients with variant angina. Circulation 68:258–265
Waters DD, Miller DD, Bouchard A, Bosch X, Theroux P (1984) Circadian variation in variant angina. Am J Cardiol 54:61–64
Yamamoto H, Yoshimura H, Noma M, Kai H, Suzuki S, Tajimi T, Kikuchi Y (1992) Preservation of endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the spastic segment of the human epicardial coronary artery by substance P. Am Heart J 123:298–303
Yamamoto H, Yoshimura H, Noma M, Suzuki S, Kai H, Tajimi T, Sugihara MK (1995) Improvement of coronary vasomotion with eicosapentaenoic acid does not inhibit acetylcholine-induced coronary vasospasm in patients with variant angina. Jpn Circ J 59:608–616
Yamasaki F, Sato T, Takata J, Chikamori T, Ozawa T, Sasaki M, Doi Y (1996) Sympathetic hyperactivity in patients with vasospastic angina – assessment by spectral analysis of heart rate and arterial pressure variabilities. Jpn Circ J 60:10–16
Yasue H, Omote S, Takizawa A, Nagao M, Miwa K, Tanaka S (1979) Circadian variation of exercise capacity in patients with Prinzmetal’s variant angina: role of exercise-induced coronary arterial spasm. Circulation 59:938–948
Yasue H, Omote S, Takizawa A, Masao N, Hyon H, Nishida S, Horie M (1981) Comparison of coronary arteriographic findings during angina pectoris associated with S-T elevation or depression. Am J Cardiol 47:539–546
Yasue H, Takizawa A, Nagao M, Nishida S, Horie M, Omote S, Takaoka K, Okumura K (1988) Long-term prognosis for patients with variant angina and influential factors. Circulation 78:1–9
Yasue H, Mizuno Y, Harada E et al (2008) Effects of a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, fluvastatin, on coronary spasm after withdrawal of calcium-channel blockers. J Am Coll Cardiol 51:1742–1748
Yoshimura M, Yasue H, Nakayama M, Shimasaki Y, Sumida HS, Kugiyama K, Ogawa H, Ogawa Y, Saito Y, Miyamoto Y, Nakao K (1998) A missense Glu298Asp variant in the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene is associated with coronary spasm in the Japanese. Hum Genet 103:65–69
Yusuf S (1991) Update of effects of calcium antagonists in myocardial infarction or angina in light of the second Danish Verapamil Infarction Trial (DAVIT-II) and other recent studies. Am J Cardiol 67:1295–1297
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Shimokawa, H. (2014). Coronary Artery Spasm: Part I Clinical Aspect. In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_259-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37393-0_259-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37393-0
eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine