Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

PanVascular Medicine pp 1115–1176Cite as

Diagnostic Coronary Angiography

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:

Abstract

Diagnostic cardiac catheterization may include many different procedural components such as hemodynamic assessment, noncoronary angiography, and coronary angiography. This chapter provides an overview of diagnostic coronary angiography. Diagnostic coronary angiography is the gold standard for evaluating coronary artery disease. This chapter covers the anatomic and angiographic assessment of the coronary arteries, describes the rationale for invasive coronary angiography, identifies the steps necessary for invasively imaging the coronary arteries, and defines the risks associated with coronary angiography.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   649.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD   549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

Appropriate use criteria (AUC):

Evidenced-based guidelines that review and categorize clinical situations where coronary revascularization is classified as “appropriate,” “uncertain,” or “inappropriate”.

Arteriovenous (AV) fistulae:

Iatrogenic communications between artery and vein.

Atrioventricular groove:

A plane that separates the ventricles from the atria.

Cardiac catheterization:

Invasive procedure that includes invasive hemodynamic assessments, coronary angiography, and noncoronary angiography.

Collateral pathways:

Precapillary arterial vessels which interconnect coronary arterial distributions, and in the case of significant stenosis in one coronary distribution, these vessels are recruited and enlarged to supply an underperfused territory, thereby reducing myocardial ischemic burden. They are understood as “natural bypasses.”

Coronary angiography:

Invasive contrast injection during X-ray imaging to visualize the coronary arteries.

Coronary anomalies:

Variations in coronary artery circulation with hemodynamic significance.

Coronary dominance:

Determined by the coronary artery that reaches the crux, or crossover point between the atrioventricular and posterior interventricular groove.

Coronary sinus:

Principle venous drainage of the heart that lies external to the left atrium and empties into the right atrium.

Interventricular groove:

A plane that transects the ventricular septum, dividing the left ventricle from the right ventricle.

Left anterior oblique (LAO):

Refers to the image intensifier to the left of the patient as if the observer were looking at the heart from the left side. Angiographically, the spine is located to the right of the image.

Myocardial “bridging”:

Phasic systolic compression of a segment of artery that travels within the myocardium.

Pseudoaneurysm:

A contained rupture of the artery often from leakage of blood from a hole in the artery.

Quantitative coronary angiography (QCA):

is a computer-assisted algorithm to analyze digitized images of coronary angiograms and provide quantifiable and reproducible minimal and reference diameters % diameter and area stenosis, area of atherosclerotic plaque, stenosis geometry, stenosis length, and eccentricity index. It is a commonly used research tool.

Right anterior oblique (RAO):

Refers to the image intensifier to the right of the patient as if the observer were looking at the heart from the right side. Angiographically, the spine is located to the left of the image.

Seldinger technique:

Described in 1953, whereby the anterior and posterior walls of the artery were punctured and the needle was withdrawn until free blood return was established. The modified Seldinger technique is a more contemporary approach of puncturing only the anterior wall with the needle to gain access to the artery or “front-wall puncture.”

Sinus of Valsalva:

Supravalvular anatomic dilation of the aorta from which the coronary arteries arise.

SYNTAX score:

The Synergy between PCI with Taxus and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) score is a lesion-based angiographic scoring system that was introduced as a tool for grading the complexity of coronary artery disease prior to randomizing patients to coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention.

TIMI flow:

Semiquantitative angiographic assessment of coronary perfusion described in Table 9, abbreviated for Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI).

References

  • Abrams HL, Adams DF (1969) The coronary arteriogram. N Engl J Med 281:1276–1285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ACT Investigators (2011) Acetylcysteine for prevention of renal outcomes in patients undergoing coronary and peripheral vascular angiography: main results from the randomized Acetylcysteine for Contrast-induced nephropathy Trial (ACT). Circulation 124:1250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso A, Lau J, Jaber BL, Weintraub A, Sarnak MJ (2004) Prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy with N-acetylcysteine in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am J Kidney Dis 43:1–9

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ammann P, Brunner-La Rocca HP, Angehrn W, Roelli H, Sagmeister M, Rickli H (2003) Procedural complications following diagnostic coronary angiography are related to the operator’s experience and the catheter size. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 59:13–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson RH (2000) Clinical anatomy of the aortic root. Heart 84:670–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson JL, Adams CD, Antman EM, Bridges CR, Califf RM, Casey DE Jr, Chavey WE 2nd, Fesmire FM, Hochman JS, Levin TN, Lincoff AM, Peterson ED, Theroux P, Wenger NK, Wright RS, Jneid H, Ettinger SM, Ganiats TG, Philippides GJ, Jacobs AK, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Creager MA, DeMets D, Guyton RA, Kushner FG, Ohman EM, Stevenson W, Yancy CW (2013) 2012 ACCF/AHA focused update incorporated into the ACCF/AHA 2007 guidelines for the management of patients with unstable angina/non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 61:e179–e347

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Angelini P (1989) Normal and anomalous coronary arteries: definitions and classification. Am Heart J 117:418–434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Applegate RJ, Sacrinty MT, Kutcher MA, Kahl FR, Gandhi SK, Santos RM, Little WC (2008) Trends in vascular complications after diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention via the femoral artery, 1998 to 2007. J Am Coll Cardiol Interv 1:317–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aptecar E, Dupouy P, Chabane-Chaouch M, Bussy N, Catarino G, Shahmir A, Elhajj Y, Pernes JM (2005) Percutaneous transulnar artery approach for diagnostic and therapeutic coronary intervention. J Invasive Cardiol 17:312–317

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arnette EN, Roberts WC (1976) Acute myocardial infarction and angiographically normal coronary arteries. An unproven combination. Circulation 53:395–400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbeau GR, Arsenault F, Dugas L, Simard S, Lariviere MM (2004) Evaluation of the ulnopalmar arterial arches with pulse oximetry and plethysmography: comparison with the Allen’s test in 1,010 patients. Am Heart J147:489–493

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bashore TM, Balter S, Barac A, Byrne JG, Cavendish JJ, Chambers CE, Hermiller JB Jr, Kinlay S, Landzberg JS, Laskey WK, McKay CR, Miller JM, Moliterno DJ, Moore JW, Oliver-McNeil SM, Popma JJ, Tommaso CL (2012) American College of Cardiology Foundation/Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions expert consensus document on cardiac catheterization laboratory standards update: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation Task Force on Expert Consensus documents developed in collaboration with the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and Society for Vascular Medicine. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:2221–2305

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bellemain-Appaix C, O’Connor SA, Silvain J, Cucherat M, Beyqui F, Barthelemy O, Collet JP, Jacq L, Bernasconi F, Montalescot G, ACTION Group (2012) Association of clopidogrel pretreatment with mortality, cardiovascular events, and major bleeding among patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 308(23):2507–2516

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand OF, De Larochelliere R, Rodes-Cabau J, Proulx G, Gleeton O, Nguyen CM, Déry JP, Barbeau G, Noël B, Larose E, Poirier P, Roy L, Early Discharge After Transradial Stenting of Coronary Arteries Study Investigators (2006) A randomized study comparing same-day home discharge and Abciximab bolus only to overnight hospitalization and Abciximab bolus and infusion after transradial coronary stent implantation. Circulation 114:2636–2643

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bertrand OF, Larose E, Rodes-Cabau J, Gleeton O, Taillon I, Roy L, Poirier P, Costerousse O, Larochelliere RD (2009) Incidence, predictors, and clinical impact of bleeding after transradial coronary stenting and maximal antiplatelet therapy. Am Heart J 157:164–169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biancari F, D’Andrea V, DiMario C, Savino G, Tiozzo V, Catania A (2010) Meta-analysis of randomized trials on the efficacy of vascular closure devices after diagnostic angiography and angioplasty. Am Heart J 159:518–531

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bland EF, White PD, Garland J (1933) Congenital anomalies of the coronary arteries. Am Heart J 8:787

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bourassa MG, Fisher LD, Campeau L, Gillespie MJ, McConney M, Lesperance J (1985) Long-term fate of bypass grafts: the Coronary Artery Surgery Study (CASS) and Montreal Heart Institute experience. Circulation 72:V71–V78

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brar SS (2012) Prevention of contrast renal injury with different hydration strategies (POSEIDON) NCT01218828. Presented at transcatheter therapeutics, October 2012. www.clinicaltrial.gov (last updated: 10 Oct 2012)

  • Brar SS, Shen AY, Jorgensen MB, Kotlewski A, Aharonian VJ, Desai N, Ree M, Shah AI, Burchette RJ (2008) Sodium bicarbonate vs. sodium chloride for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized trial. JAMA 300:1038–1046

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brar SS, Hiremath S, Dangas G, Mehran R, Brar SK, Leon MB (2009) Sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast induced-acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 4:1584–1592

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cameron A, Davis KB, Green G, Schaff HV (1996) Coronary bypass surgery with internal-thoracic-artery grafts: effects on survival over a 15-year period. N Engl J Med 334:216–219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caputo RP, Tremmel JA, Rao S, Gilchrist IC, Pyne C, Pancholy S, Frasier D, Gulati R, Skelding K, Bertrand O, Patel T (2011) Transradial arterial access for coronary and peripheral procedures: executive summary by the transradial committee of the SCAI. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 78:823–839

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Casserly IP, Messenger JC (2009) Technique and catheters. Cardiol Clin 27:417–432

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chaitman BR, Lesperance J, Saltiel BL, Bourassa MG (1976) Clinical, angiographic, and hemodynamic findings in patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries. Circulation 53:122–131

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheitlin MD, De Castro CM, McAllister HA (1974) Sudden death as a complication of anomalous left coronary origin from the anterior sinus of Valsalva, a not-so-minor congenital anomaly. Circulation 50:780–787

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cielinski G, Rapprich B, Kober G (1993) Coronary anomalies: incidence and importance. Clin Cardiol 16:711–715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davis K, Kennedy JW, Kemp HG Jr, Judkins MP, Gosselin AJ, Killip T (1979) Complications of coronary arteriography from the Collaborative Study of Coronary Artery Surgery (CASS). Circulation 59:1105–1112

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehmer GJ, Schmitz JM, Malloy CR (1986) A new technique for cannulation of the coronary sinus from the femoral vein. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 12:426–429

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dehmer GJ, Weaver D, Roe MT, Milford-Beland S, Fitzgerald S, Hermann A, Messenger J, Moussa I, Garratt K, Rumsfeld J, Brindis RG (2012) A contemporary view of diagnostic cardiac catheterization and percutaneous coronary intervention in the United States a report from the CathPCI registry of the National Cardiovascular Data Registry, 2010 through June 2011. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:2017–2031

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dicicco BS, McManus BM, Waller BF, Robert WC (1982) Separate aortic ostium of the left anterior descending and left circumflex coronary arteries from the left aortic sinus of Valsalva (absent left main coronary artery). Am Heart J 104:153–154

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong YX, Powell BD, Asirvatham SJ, Friedman PA, Rea RF, Webster TL, Brooke KL, Hodge DO, Wiste HJ, Yang YZ, Hayes DL, Cha YM (2012) Left ventricular lead position for cardiac resynchronization: a comprehensive cinegraphic, echocardiographic, clinical, and survival analysis. Europace 14:1139–1147

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drost H, Buis B, Haan D, Hillers JA (1984) Cholesterol embolism as a complication of left heart catheterisation. Report of seven cases. Br Heart J 52:339–342

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis SG, Vandormael MG, Cowley MJ, DiSciascio G, Deligonul U, Topol EJ, Bulle TM (1990) Coronary morphologic and clinical determinants of procedural outcome with angioplasty got multivessel coronary disease. Implications for patient selection. Multivessel Angioplasty Prognosis Study Group. Circulation 82:1193–1202

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis SG, Bhatt D, Kapadia S, Lee D, Yen M, Whitlow PL (2006) Correlates and outcomes of retroperitoneal hemorrhage complicating percutaneous coronary intervention. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 67:541–545

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engel HJ, Torres C, Page HL Jr (1975) Major variations in anatomical origin of the coronary arteries: angiographic observations in 4,250 patients without associated congenital heart disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1:157–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • English JA, Carell ES, Guidera SA, Tripp HF (2001) Angiographic prevalence and clinical predictors of left subclavian stenosis in patients undergoing diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 54:8–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst AA, Anand P, Nick T, Wassmuth S (1993) Lidocaine versus diphenhydramine for anesthesia in the repair of minor lacerations. J Trauma 34:354–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Farouque HMO, Tremmel JA, Shabari FR, Aggarwal M, Fearon WF, Ng MKC, Rezaee M, Yeung AC, Lee DP (2005) Risk factors for the development of retroperitoneal hematoma after percutaneous coronary intervention in the era of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and vascular closure devices. J Am Coll Cardiol 45:363–368

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fawole A, Daw HA, Crowther MA (2013) Practical management of bleeding due to the anticoagulants dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban. Cleve Clin J Med 80(7):447

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman RL, Nichols WW, Pepine CJ, Conti CR (1978) Hemodynamic effects of long and multiple coronary arterial narrowings. Chest 74:280–285

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman DN, Swaminathan RV, Kaltenbach LA, Baklanov DV, Kim LK, Wong SC, Minutello RM, Messenger JC, Moussa I, Garratt KN, Piana RN, Hillegass WB, Cohen MG, Gilchrist IC, Rao SV (2013) Adoption of radial access and comparison of outcomes to femoral access in percutaneous coronary intervention: an updated report from the national cardiovascular data registry (2007–2012). Circulation 127:2295–2306

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ferguson DJ, Kamada RO (1986) Percutaneous entry of the brachial artery for left heart catheterization using a sheath: further experience. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 12:209–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Forssmann W (1929) The catheterization of the right side of the heart. Klin Wochenschr 8:2085–2087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fukumoto Y, Tsutsui H, Tsuchihashi M, Masumoto A, Takeshita A, Cholesterol Embolism Study(CHEST) Investigators (2003) The incidence and risk factors of cholesterol embolization syndrome, a complication of cardiac catheterization: a prospective study. J Am Coll Cardiol 42:211–216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson CM, Cannon CP, Daley WL, Dodge JT Jr, Alexander B Jr, Marble SJ, McCabe CH, Raymond L, Fortin T, Poole WK, Braunwald E (1996) TIMI frame count: a quantitative method of assessing coronary artery flow. Circulation 93(5):879–888

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould KL, Lipscomb K, Hamilton GW (1974) Physiologic basis for assessing critical coronary stenosis. Instantaneous flow response and regional distribution during coronary hyperemia as measures of coronary flow reserve. Am J Cardiol 33:87–94

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gregg DE, Patterson RE (1980) Functional importance of coronary collaterals. N Engl J Med 303:1404–1406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gruentzig AR, Myler RK, Hanna ES, Turina MI (1977) Coronary transluminal angioplasty [abstract]. Circulation 55:185–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Gurm HS, Brennan DM, Booth J, Tcheng JE, Lincoff AM, Topol EJ (2002) Impact of body mass index on outcome after percutaneous coronary intervention (the obesity paradox). Am J Cardiol 90:42–45

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hales S (1733) Statistical essays containing haemastaticks. In: Innys W, Manby R, Woodward T (eds) Statistical essays containing haemastaticks. Half Moon, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamada S, Nishiue T, Nakamura S et al. (2001) TIMI frame count immediately after primary coronary angioplasty as a predictor of functional recovery in patients with TIMI 3 reperfused acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 38:666–671

    Google Scholar 

  • Hamon M, Baron JC, Viader F, Hamon M (2008) Periprocedural stroke and cardiac catheterization. Circulation 118:678–683

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hillegass WB, Zoghbi GJ, Pandey A, Misra VK, Chapman GD, Brott BC (2003) Treatment of in-stent restenosis in a gastroepiploic artery coronary bypass graft with brachytherapy. J Invasive Cardiol; 15(11):677–80

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hwang MH, Meadows WR, Palac RT, Piao ZE, Pifarre R, Loeb HS, Gunnar RM (1990) Progression of native coronary artery disease at 10 years: insights from a randomized study of medical versus surgical therapy for angina. J Am Coll Cardiol 16:1066–1070

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilia R, Goldfarb B, Katz A, Margulis G, Gussarsky Y, Gueron M (1991) Variations in blood supply to the anterior interventricular septum: incidence and possible clinical importance. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 24:277–282

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson LW, Lozner EC, Johnson S, Krone R, Pichard AD, Vetrovec GW, Noto TJ (1989) Coronary arteriography 1984–1987: a report of the registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. I. Results and complications. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 17:5–10

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly SS, Amlani S, Hamon M, Yusuf S, Mehta SR (2009) Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography or intervention and the impact on major bleeding and ischemic events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am Heart J 157:132–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly SS, Yusuf S, Cairns J, Niemelä K, Xavier D, Widimsky P, Budaj A, Niemelä M, Valentin V, Lewis BS, Avezum A, Steg PG, Rao SV, Gao P, Afzal R, Joyner CD, Chrolavicius S, Mehta SR, RIVAL trial group (2011) Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): a randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial. Lancet 377:1409–1420

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Joyal D, Bertrand OF, Rinfret S, Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ (2012) Meta-analysis of ten trials on the effectiveness of the radial versus the femoral approach in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 109:813–818

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Judkins MP (1967) Selective coronary arteriography: a percutaneous transfemoral technique. Radiology 89:815–824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kanei Y, Kwan T, Nakra NC, Liou M, Huang Y, Vales LL, Fox JT, Chen JP, Saito S (2011) Transradial cardiac catheterization- a review of access site complications. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 78(6):840–846

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kay J, Chow WH, Chan TM, Lo SK, Kwok OH, Yip A, Fan K, Lee CH, Lam WF (2003) Acetylcysteine for prevention of acute deterioration of renal function following elective coronary angiography and intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289:553–558

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy JW (1982) Complications associated with cardiac catheterization and angiography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 8:5–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent KC, Moscucci M, Mansour KA, DiMattia S, Gallagher S, Kuntz R, Skillman JJ (1994a) Retroperitoneal hematoma after catheterization. J Vasc Surg 20:905–910

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kent KC, Moscucci M, Gallagher SG, DiMattia ST, Skillman JJ (1994b) Neuropathy after cardiac catheterization. J Vasc Surg 19:1008–1013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khoukaz S, Kern MJ, Bitar SR, Azrak E, Eisenhauer M, Wolford T, El-Shafei A (2001) Coronary angiography using 4 Fr catheters with assisted power injection: a randomized comparison to 6 Fr manual technique and early ambulation. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 52:393–398

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King SB III, Aversano T, Ballard WL, Beekman RH 3rd, Cowley MJ, Ellis SG, Faxon DP, Hannan EL, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Jacobs AK, Kellett MA Jr, Kimmel SE, Landzberg JS, McKeever LS, Moscucci M, Pomerantz RM, Smith KM, Vetrovec GW, Creager MA, Hirshfeld JW Jr, Holmes DR Jr, Newby LK, Weitz HH, Merli G, Piña I, Rodgers GP, Tracy CM, American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training (writing Committee to Update the 1998 Clinical Competence Statement on Recommendations for the Assessment and Maintenance of Proficiency in Coronary Interventional Procedures) (2007) ACCF/AHA/SCAI 2007 update of the clinical competence statement on cardiac interventional procedures: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association/American College of Physicians Task Force on Clinical Competence and Training (writing Committee to Update the 1998 Clinical Competence Statement on Recommendations for the Assessment and Maintenance of Proficiency in Coronary Interventional Procedures). J Am Coll Cardiol 50:82–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Klima T, Christ A, Marana I, Kalbermatter S, Uthoff H, Burri E, Hartwiger S, Schindler C, Breidthardt T, Marenzi G, Mueller C (2012) Sodium chloride vs. sodium bicarbonate for the prevention of contrast medium-induced nephropathy: a randomized controlled trial. Eur Heart J 33:2071–2079

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kohli RS, Vetrovec GW, Lewis SA, Cole S (1989) Study of the performance of 5 French and 7 French catheters in coronary angiography: a functional comparison. Catheter Cardiovasc Diagn 18:131–135

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koreny M, Riedmüller E, Nikfardjam M, Siostrzonek P, Müllner M (2004) Arterial puncture closing devices compared with standard manual compression after cardiac catheterization: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 291:350–357

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kozak M, Adams DR, Ioffreda MD, Nickolaus MJ, Seery TJ, Chambers CE, Ettinger SM, McNulty PH, Gilchrist IC (2003) Sterile inflammation associated with transradial catheterization and hydrophilic sheaths. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 59:207–213

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kragel AH, Roberts WC (1988) Anomalous origin of either the right or left main coronary artery from the aorta with subsequent coursing between aorta and pulmonary trunk: analysis of 32 necropsy cases. Am J Cardiol 62:771–777

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kyriakidis MK, Kourouklis CB, Papaioannou JT, Christakos SG, Spanos GP, Avgoustakis DG (1983) Sinus node coronary arteries studied with angiography. Am J Cardiol 51:749–750

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Laskey W, Boyle J, Johnson LW (1993) Multivariable model for prediction of risk of significant complication during diagnostic cardiac catheterization: the Registry Committee of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 30:185–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie GM, Lie JT, Morris GC Jr, Beazley HL (1976) Vein graft patency and intimal proliferation after aortocoronary bypass: early and long-term angiopathologic correlations. Am J Cardiol 38:856–862

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lechner G, Jantsch H, Waneck R, Kretschmer G (1988) The relationship between the common femoral artery, the inguinal crease, and the inguinal ligament: a guide to accurate angiography puncture. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 11:165–169

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DC (1974) Pathways and functional significance of the coronary collateral circulation. Circulation 50:831–837

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DC, Baltaxe HA, Carlson RG (1971) Angiographic demonstration of bidirectional coronary artery blood flow following aorto-coronary bypass vein grafts. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 113:554–561

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Levin DC, Fellows KE, Abrams HL (1978) Hemodynamically significant primary anomalies of the coronary arteries. Angiographic aspects. Circulation 58:25–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Limon-Lason R, Rubio Alvarez V, Bouchard A (1950) Intracardiac catheterization. V. Catheterization of the left cavities in man; simultaneous registering of pressure and intracavitary electrocardiogram. Arch Inst Cardiol Mexico 20:271–285

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipton MJ, Barry WH, Obrez I, Silverman JF, Wexler L (1979) Isolated single coronary artery: diagnosis, angiographic classification, and clinical significance. Radiology 130:39–47

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Adelstein E, Saba S (2013) Targeting left ventricular lead placement to improve cardiac resynchronization therapy outcomes. Curr Cardiol Rep 15:390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maioli M, Toso A, Leoncini M, Gallopin M, Tedeschi D, Micheletti C, Bellandi F (2008) Sodium bicarbonate versus saline for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with renal dysfunction undergoing coronary angiography or intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:599–604

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marenzi G, Assanelli E, Marana I, Lauri G, Campodonico J, Grazi M, De Metrio M, Galli S, Fabbiocchi F, Montorsi P, Veglia F, Bartorelli AL (2006) N-acetylcysteine and contrast-induced nephropathy in primary angioplasty. N Engl J Med 354:2773–2782

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehran R, Aymong ED, Nikolsky E, Lasic Z, Iakovou I, Fahy M, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Moses JW, Stone GW, Leon MB, Dangas G (2004) A simple risk score for prediction of contrast-induced nephropathy after percutaneous coronary intervention: development and initial validation. J Am Coll Cardiol 44(7):1393–1399

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mehta SR, Jolly SS, Cairns J, Niemela K, Rao SV, Cheema AN, Steg PG, Cantor WJ, Džavík V, Budaj A, Rokoss M, Valentin V, Gao P, Yusuf S, RIVAL Investigators (2012) RIVAL-ACS versus STEMI. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:2490–2499

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montalescot G, Bolognese L, Dudek D, Goldstein P, Hamm C, Tanquay JF, ten Berg JM, Miller DL, Costigan TM, Goedicke J, Silvain J, Angioli P, Legutko J, Niethammer M, Motovska Z, Jakubowski JA, Cayla G, Visconti LO, Vicaut E, Widimsky P, ACCOAST Investigators (2013) Pretreatment with prasugrel in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 369(11):999–1010

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mueller RL, Sanborn TA (1995) The history of interventional cardiology: cardiac catheterizations, angioplasty, and related interventions. Am Heart J 129:146–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Musiani A, Cernigliaro C, Sansa M, Maselli D, De Gasperis C (1997) Left main coronary artery atresia: literature review and therapeutic considerations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 11:505–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ng VG, Lansky AJ (2011) Novel QCA methodologies and angiographic scores. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 27:157–165

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolsky E, Mehran R, Halkin A, Aymong ED, Mintz GS, Lasic Z, Negoita M, Fahy M, Krieger S, Moussa I, Moses JW, Stone GW, Leon MB, Pocock SJ, Dangas G (2004) Vascular complications associated with arteriotomy closure devices in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary procedures: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 44:1200–1209

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noto TJ Jr, Johnson LW, Krone R, Weaver WF, Clark DA, Kramer JR Jr, Vetrovec GW (1991) Cardiac catheterization 1990: a report of the Registry of the Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions (SCA&I). Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 24:75–83

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Page HL Jr, Engel HJ, Campbell WB, Thomas SC Jr (1974) Anomalous origin of the left circumflex coronary artery. Recognition, angiographic demonstration and clinical significance. Circulation 50:768–773

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pancholy SB (2007) Transradial access in an occluded radial artery: new technique. J Invasive Cardiol 19:541–544

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pancholy SB (2009) Comparison of the effect of intra-arterial versus intravenous heparin on radial artery occlusion after transradial catheterization. Am J Cardiol 104:1083–1085

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pancholy S, Coppola J, Patel T, Roke-Thomas M (2008) Prevention of radial artery occlusion-patent hemostasis evaluation trial (PROPHET study): a randomized comparison of traditional versus patency documented hemostasis after transradial catheterization. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 72:335–340

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel MR, Jneid H, Derdeyn CP, Klein LW, Levine GN, Lookstein RA, White CJ, Yeghiazarians Y, Rosenfield K, American Heart Association Diagnostic and Interventional Cardiac Catheterization Committee of the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Cardiovascular Radiology and Intervention, Council on Peripheral Vascular Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Surgery and Anesthesia, Stroke Council (2010) Arteriotomy closure devices for cardiovascular procedures: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 122:1882–1893

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Patel MP, Bailey SR, Bonow RO, Chambers CE, Chan PS, Dehmer GJ, Kirtane AJ, Wann LS, Ward RP (2012) ACCF/SCAI/AATS/AHA/ASNC/HFSA/HRS/SCCM/SCCT/SCRM/STS 2012 Appropriate use criteria for diagnostic catheterization. J Am Coll Cardiol 59:1–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perry SB, Rome J, Keane JF, Baim DS, Lock JE (1992) Transcatheter closure of coronary artery fistulas. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:205–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plante S, Cantor WJ, Goldman L, Miner S, Quesnelle A, Ganapathy A, Popel A, Bertrand OF (2010) Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin on radial artery occlusion after transradial catheterization. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 76:654–658

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SV, Ou FS, Wang TY, Roe MT, Brindis R, Rumsfeld JS, Peterson ED (2008) Trends in the prevalence and outcomes of radial and femoral approaches to percutaneous coronary intervention: a report from the National Cardiovascular Data Registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 1:379–386

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rao SV, Bernat I, Bertrand OF (2012) Clinical update: remaining challenges and opportunities for improvement in percutaneous transradial coronary procedures. Eur Heart J 33:2521–2526

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rathore S, Stables RH, Pauriah M, Hakeem A, Mills JD, Palmer ND, Perry RA, Morris JL (2010) Impact of length and hydrophilic coating of the introducer sheath on radial artery spasm during transradial coronary intervention: a randomized study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv 3:475–483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts WC (1986) Major anomalies of coronary arterial origin seen in adulthood. Am Heart J 111:941–963

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roe MT, Messenger JC, Weintraub WS, Cannon CP, Fonarow GC, Dai D, Chen AY, Klein LW, Masoudi FA, McKay C, Hewitt K, Brindis RG, Peterson ED, Rumsfeld JS (2010) Treatments, trends, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol 56:254–263

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciahbasi A, Politi L, Rigattieri S, Pendenza G, Summaria F, Patrizi R, Borghi A, Di Russo C, Moretti C, Agostoni P, Loschiavo P, Lioy E, Sheiban I, Sangiorgi G (2012) RIFLE-STEACS. J Am Coll Cardiol 60:2481–2489

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S, Wexler L, Ludbrook PA, Murphy MJ, Halpern EF, Hill JA, Winniford M, Cohen MB, VanFossen DB (1995) Nephrotoxicity of ionic and nonionic contrast media in 1,196 patients: a randomized trial. The Iohexol Cooperative Study. Kidney Int 47:254–261

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan TJ, Bauman WB, Kennedy JW, Kereiakes DJ, King SBI, McCallister BD, Smith SC Jr, Ullyot DJ (1993) Guidelines for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Assessment of Diagnostic and Therapeutic Cardiovascular Procedures. Circulation 88:2987–3007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samal AK, White CJ (2002) Percutaneous management of access site complications. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 57:12–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sanbone TA, Ebrahimi R, Manoukian SV, McLaurin BT, Cox DA, Feit F, Hamon M, Mehran R, Stone GW (2010) Impact of femoral vascular closure devices and antithrombotic therapy on access site bleeding in acute coronary syndromes: the Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage Strategy (ACUITY) trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 3:57–62

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanmartín M, Cuevas D, Goicolea J, Ruiz-Salmerón R, Gómez M, Argibay V (2004) Vascular complications associated with radial artery access for cardiac catheterization. Rev Esp Cardiol 57:581–584

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sapin P, Frantz E, Jain A, Nichols TC, Dehmer GJ (1990) Coronary artery fistula: an abnormality affecting all age groups. Medicine (Baltimore) 69:101–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlon PJ, Faxon DP, Audet AM, Carabello B, Dehmer GJ, Eagle KA, Legako RD, Leon DF, Murray JA, Nissen SE, Pepine CJ, Watson RM, Ritchie JL, Gibbons RJ, Cheitlin MD, Gardner TJ, Garson A Jr, Russell RO, Ryan TJ, Smith SC (1999) A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Coronary Angiography) developed in collaboration with Society for Cardiac Angiography and Interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol 33:1756–1824

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schoonmaker FW, King SB 3rd (1974) Coronary arteriography by the single catheter percutaneous femoral technique: experience in 6,800 cases. Circulation 50:735–740

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab SJ, Hlatky MA, Pieper KS, Davidson CJ, Morris KG, Skelton TN, Bashore TM (1989) Contrast nephrotoxicity: a randomized controlled trial of a nonionic and an ionic radiographic contrast agent. N Engl J Med 320:149–153

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Segal AZ, Abernethy WB, Palacios IF, Be Lue R, Rordorf G (2001) Stroke as a complication of cardiac catheterization: risk factors and clinical features. Neurology 56:975–977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seldinger SI (1953) Catheter replacement of the needle in percutaneous arteriography; a new technique. Acta Radiol 39:368–376

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Serota J, Barth CWD, Seuc CA, Vandormael M, Aguirre F, Kern MJ (1990) Rapid identification of the course of anomalous coronary arteries in adults: the “dot and eye” method. Am J Cardiol 65:891–898

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Seto AH, Abu-Fadel MS, Sparling JM, Zacharias SJ, Daly TS, Harrison AT, Suh WM, Vera JA, Aston CE, Winters RJ, Patel PM, Hennebry TA, Kern MJ (2010) Real-time ultrasound guidance facilitates femoral arterial access and reduces vascular complications: FAUST (Femoral Arterial Access with Ultrasound Trial). JACC Cardiovasc Interv 3:751–758

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan FH, Braunwald E, Canner P, Dodge HT, Gore J, Van Natta P, Passamani ER, Williams DO, Zaret B (1987) The effect of intravenous thrombolytic therapy on left ventricular function: a report on tissue-type plasminogen activator and streptokinase from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI Phase I) Trial. Circulation 75:817–829

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shirani J, Roberts WC (1993) Solitary coronary ostium in the aorta in the absence of other major congenital cardiovascular anomalies. J Am Coll Cardiol 21:137–143

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, D’Elia J, Silva P (1994) Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med 331:1416–1420

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sones FM Jr, Shirey EK, Proudfit WL, Westcott RN (1959) Cine-coronary arteriography [abstract]. Circulation 20:773

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone GW, Peterson MA, Lansky AJ et al. (2002) Impact of normalized myocardial perfusion after successful angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol 39:591–597

    Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian R, White CJ, Sternbergh WC 3rd, Ferguson DL, Glichrist IC (2003) Nonhealing wound resulting from a foreign-body reaction to a radial arterial sheath. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 59:205–206

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor AJ, Rogan KM, Virmani R (1992) Sudden cardiac death associated with isolated congenital coronary artery anomalies. J Am Coll Cardiol 20:640–647

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tiroch KA, Arora N, Matheny ME, Liu C, Lee TC, Resnic FS (2008) Risk predictors of retroperitoneal hemorrhage following percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 102:1473–1476

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tizon-Marcos H, Barbeau GR (2008) Incidence of compartment syndrome of the arm in a large series of transradial approach for coronary procedures. J Interv Cardiol 21:380–384

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tonino PA, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, Siebert U, Ikeno F, van’t Veer M, Klauss V, Manoharan G, Engstrøm T, Oldroyd KG, Ver Lee PN, MacCarthy PA, Fearon WF, FAME Study Investigators (2009) Fractional flow reserve versus angiography for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 360:213–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Toursarkissian B, Allen BT, Petrinec D, Thompson RW, Rubin BG, Reilly JM, Anderson CB, Flye MW, Sicard GA (1997) Spontaneous closure of selected iatrogenic pseudoaneurysms and arteriovenous fistulae. J Vasc Surg 25:803–808

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vasheghani-Farahani A, Sadigh G, Kassaian SE, Khatami SM, Fotouhi A, Razavi SA, Mansournia MA, Yamini-Sharif A, Amirzadegan A, Salarifar M, Sadeghian S, Davoodi G, Borumand MA, Esfehani FA, Darabian S (2009) Sodium bicarbonate plus isotonic saline versus saline for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy in patients undergoing coronary angiography: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 54:610–618

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vidi VD, Matheny ME, Govindarajulu US, Normand SL, Robbins SL, Agarwal VV, Bangalore S, Resnic FS (2012) Vascular closure device failure in contemporary practice. J Am Coll Cardiol Interv 5:837–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner N, Zahn R, Zeymer U (2012) Stroke in patients undergoing coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention: incidence, predictors, outcome and therapeutic options. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 10:1297–1305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wesselhoeft H, Fawcett JS, Johnson AL (1968) Anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary trunk. Its clinical spectrum, pathology, and pathophysiology, based on a review of 140 cases with severe further cases. Circulation 38:403–425

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Williams DO, Amsterdam EA, Miller RR, Mason DT (1976) Functional significance of coronary collateral vessels in patients with acute myocardial infarction; relation to pump performance, cardiogenic shock, and survival. Am J Cardiol 37:345–351

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson WJ, Lee GB, Amplatz K (1967) Biplane selective coronary arteriography via percutaneous transfemoral approach. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 100:332–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wyman RM, Safian RD, Portway V, Skillman JJ, McKay RG, Baim DS (1988) Current complications of diagnostic and therapeutic cardiac catheterization. J Am Coll Cardiol 12:1400–1406

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav M, Palmerini T, Caixeta A, Madhavan MV, Sanidas E, Kirtane AJ, Stone GW, Genereux P (2013) Prediction of coronary risk by SYNTAX and derived scores: synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with Taxus and cardiac surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol 62(14):1219–1230

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yamanaka O, Hobbs RE (1990) Coronary artery anomalies in 126, 595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 21:28–40

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yonetsu T, Kakuta T, Lee T, Takayama K, Kakita K, Iwamoto T, Kawaguchi N, Takahashi K, Yamamoto G, Iesaka Y, Fujiwara H, Isobe M (2010) Assessment of acute injuries and chronic intimal thickening of the radial artery after transradial coronary intervention by optical coherence tomography. Eur Heart J 31:1608–1615

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman HA, Scott RW, Becker NO (1950) Catheterization of the left side of the heart in man. Circulation 1:357–359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zoungas S, Ninomiya T, Huxley R, Cass A, Jardine M, Gallagher M, Patel A, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Sadigh G, Perkovic V (2009) Systematic review: sodium bicarbonate treatment regimens for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Ann Intern Med 151:631–638

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Further Reading

  • Cowen AR (2013) Cardiovascular X-ray imaging: physics, equipment and techniques. In: Lanzer P (ed) Catheter-based cardiovascular Interventions. A knowledge-based approach. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 203–278

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank Drs. Stephan Windecker and Bernhard Meier, whose Chapter X-Ray Coronary Angiography served as the foundation for this chapter, and from which some sections are excerpted. Permission to reprint certain figures was greatly appreciated from Dr. Stephan Windecker.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Interventional Cardiology, Wellmont CVA Heart Institute, Kingsport, TN, USA

    Rahul Sakhuja

  2. MetroHealth Campus, Case Western Reserve University, 2500 MetroHealth Drive, Hamann 310, Cleveland, OH, 44109-1998, USA

    Sanjay Gandhi

Authors
  1. Rahul Sakhuja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sanjay Gandhi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rahul Sakhuja .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Cardiovascular Disease Department of Internal Medicine, Health Care Center Bitterfeld, Bitterfeld-Wolfen, Germany

    Peter Lanzer

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this entry

Cite this entry

Sakhuja, R., Gandhi, S. (2015). Diagnostic Coronary Angiography. In: Lanzer, P. (eds) PanVascular Medicine. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_40

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37078-6_40

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-37077-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-37078-6

  • eBook Packages: MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation