Abstract
Bacteria were the first life forms to appear on Earth, and they have a long history of association with mineral surfaces. Surfaces of clay minerals played an important role in the initial evolutionary processes of bacteria and the diversification of their physiology (Kluyver and van Niel 1956; Mayr 1998; Wächtershäuser 1988; Woese 1987, 1990, 1998; Woese and Olsen 1986). Bacteria also adapt themselves to a mode of living on physical surfaces and at interfaces (Angles et al. 1993; Bitton 1980; Brune et al. 2000; Caldwell et al. 1997; Fenchel and Finlay 1995; Fletcher 1980; Glagolev 1984; Hugenholtz et al. 1998; Margulis 1981; Marshall 1992; Moat and Foster 1988; Pace 1997; Wolfaardt et al. 1994; Zavarzin et al. 1994; Zinder 1993). In addition, they are capable of degrading a wide range of pollutants (Gibson 1984; Gu and Berry 1991, 1992; Gu et al. 1992a; Young and Cerniglia 1995). It is well recognized that degradation of organic chemicals and nutrient cycling are more rapid on surfaces. Unfortunately, microbial association with surfaces also has a potential negative economic impact, when it accelerates degradation and deterioration of a wide range of materials, including inorganic minerals (Gu et al. 2000b; Mitchell and Gu 2000), concrete, and stone (Gebers and Hirsch 1978; Gu et al. 2000b; Moosavi et al. 1986; Padival et al. 1995; Piervittori et al. 1994; Prieto et al. 1995); metals (Ford and Mitchell 1990b; Gu et al. 2000a; Miller 1970); and natural and synthetic polymers (Gu et al. 2000d; Guezennec et al. 1998; Swift et al. 1979). In all cases, the essential ingredient is the close association between the microflora and the material surface.
Keywords
- Biodeterioration
- Exopolymeric
- Cellulose Acetate
- Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Materials
- Sulfate-reducing Bacteria (SRBs)
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Abdel-Hafez SII, El-Said AHM (1997) Effect of garlic, onion and sodium benzoate on the mycoflora of pepper, cinnamon and rosemary in Egypt. Int Biodeter Biodegr 39:67–97
Adamo AM, Giovannotti M, Magaudda G, Plossi Zappalà M, Rocchetti F, Rossi G (1998) Effect of gamma rays on pure cellulose paper. Restaurator 19:41–59
Albertsson A-C (1980) The shape of the biodegradation curve for low and high density polyethylenes in prolonged series of experiments. Eur Polym J 16:623–630
Albertsson A-C, Andersson SO, Karlsson S (1987) The mechanism of biodegradation of polyethylene. Polym Degr Stab 18:73–87
Albertsson A-C, Barenstedt C, Karlsson S (1994) Abiotic degradation products from enhanced environmentally degradable polyethylene. Acta Polym 45:97–103
Alexander M (1977) Ecological interrelationships. In: Alexander M (ed) Introduction to soil microbiology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 405–456
Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer K-H (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev 59:143–169
Anderson AJ, Dowes EA (1990) Occurrence, metabolism, metabolic role, and industrial uses of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates. Microbiol Rev 54:450–472
Andrady AL, Pegram JE, Nakatsuka S (1993) Studies on enhanced degradable plastics. 1: the geographic variability in outdoor lifetimes of enhanced photodegrable polyethelenes. J Environ Polym Degr 1:31–43
Angell P, Luo JS, White DC (1995) Studies of the reproducible pitting of 304 stainless steel by a consortium containing sulphate-reducing bacteria. In: Agell P, Borenstein SW, Buchanan RA, Dexter SC, Dowling NJE, Little BJ, Lundin CD, McNeil MB, Pope DH, Tatnall RE, White DC, Ziegenfuss HG (eds) International conference on microbial induced corrosion NACE international. Houston TX 1/1–10
Angles ML, Marshall KC, Goodman AE (1993) Plasmid transfer between marine bacteria in the aqueous phase and biofilms in reactor microcosms. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:843–850
Appanna VD, Piperre MS (1996) Aluminum elicits exocellular phosphatidylethanolamine production in Pseudomonas fluorescens. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2778–2782
Arai H (2000) Foxing caused by fungi: twenty-five years of study. Int Biodeter Biodegr 46:181–188
Arino X, Hernandez-Marine M, Saiz-Jimenez C (1997) Colonization of Roman tombs by calcifying cyanobacteria. Phycologia 36:366–373
Ascaso C, Wierzchos J, Castello R (1998) Study of the biogenic weathering of calcareous litharenite stones caused by lichen and endolithic microorganisms. Int Biodeter Biodegr 42:29–38
ASTM (American Society for Testing, and Materials) (1993a) Standard practice for determining resistance of synthetic polymeric materials to fungi 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, Philadelphia PA 08.03, G21-90 527–529
ASTM (American Society for Testing, and Materials) (1993b) Standard practice for determining resistance of plastics to bacteria 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA, 08.03, G22-76 531–533
ASTM (American Society for Testing, and Materials) (1993c) Standard test method for determining the aerobic biodegradability of degradable plastics by specific microorganisms 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 08.03, D5247-92 401–404
ASTM (American Society for Testing, and Materials) (1993d) Standard test method for assessing the aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials in an activated-sludge-wastewater-treatment system 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 08.03, D5247-92 411–416
ASTM (American Society for Testing, and Materials) (1993e) Standard test method for determining aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials under controlled composting conditions 1993 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, Philadelphia, PA 08.03, D5338-92 444–449
Atlas RM, Bartha R (1997) Physiological ecology of microorganisms: adaptations to environmental conditions. In: Atlas RM, Bartha R (eds) Microbial ecology: fundamentals and applications, 4th edn. Benjamin/Cummings, Menlo Park, pp 281–331
Audouard JP, Compère C, Dowling NJE, Feron D, Festy D, Mollica A, Rogne T, Scotto V, Steinsmo U, Taxen K, Thierry D (1995) Effect of marine biofilms on high performance stainless steel exposed in European coastal waters. In: Microbial corrosion: proceedings of the 3rd international european federation of corrosion (EFC) Workshop European Federation of Corrosion EFC Publication no. 15, pp 198–210
Bacci M (1995) Fibre optics applications to works of art. Sensors Actuat B29:190–196
Balow A, Trüper HG, Dworkin M, Harder W, Schleifer KH (1992) The prokaryotes I, II, III, and IV. Springer, New York, http://www.prokaryotes.com
Barlaz MA, Ham RK, Schaefer DM (1989a) Mass-balance analysis of anaerobically decomposed refuse. J Environ Eng 115:1088–1102
Barlaz MA, Schaefer DM, Ham RK (1989b) Bacterial population development and chemical characterization of refuse decomposition in a simulated sanitary landfill. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:55–65
Bazylinski DA, Garrett-Reed AJ, Abedi A, Frankel RB (1993) Copper association with iron sulfide magnetosomes in a magnetotactic bacterium. Arch Microbiol 160:35–42
Becker TW, Feumbein WE, Warscheid T, Resende MA (1994) Investigation into microbiology. In: Herkenrath GM (ed) Investigations into devices against environmental attack on stone. GKSS-Forschungszentrum/GmbH, Geesthacht, pp 147–190
Bell E, Dowding P, Cooper TP (1992) The effect of a biocide treatment and a silicone treatment on the weathering of limestone. Environ Technol 13:687–693
Bell GM, Chadwick J (1994) Regulatory controls on biocides in the United Kingdom and restrictions on the use of triorganotin-containing antifouling products. Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:375–386
Berekaa MM, Lino A, Reichelt R, Keller U, Steinbüchel A (2000) Effect of pretreatment of rubber material on its biodegradability by various rubber degrading bacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 184:199–206
Bérenger J-F, Frixon C, Bigliardi J, Creuzet N (1985) Production, purification and properties of thermostable xylanase from Clostridium stercorarium. Can J Microbiol 31:635–643
Beveridge TJ, Makin SA, Kadurugamuwa JL, Li Z (1997) Interactions between biofilms and the environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:291–303
Bianchi A, Favali MA, Barbieri N, Bassi M (1980) The use of fungicides on mold-covered frescoes in S. Eusebio in Pavia. Int Biodeter Bull 16:45–51
Biczok I (1968) Betonkorrosion. Betoschutz, Wiesbaden/Berlin, pp 28–30
Bingaman WW, Willingham GL (1994) The changing regulatory environment: EPA registration of a new marine antifoulant active ingredient. Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:387–399
Bitton G (1980) Adsorption of viruses to surfaces: technological and ecological implications. In: Bitton G, Marshall KC (eds) Adsorption of microorganisms to surfaces. Wiley, New York, pp 331–374
Bitton G (1994) Processes based on attached microbial growth. In: Bitton G (ed) Wastewater microbiology. Wiley, New York, pp 189–198
Blake RC II, Norton WN, Howard GT (1998) Adherence and growth of a Bacillus species on an insoluble polyester polyurethane. Int Biodeter Biodegr 42:63–73
Blakemore RP (1982) Magnetotactic bacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 36:217–238
Blanchette RA (1995) Biodeterioration of archaeological wood. Biodeter Abstr 9:113–127
Bloomfield SF, Megid R (1994) Interaction of iodine with Bacillus subtilis spores and spore forms. J Appl Bacteriol 76:492–499
Bock E, Koops HP, Harms H (1986) Cell biology of nitrifying bacteria. In: Prosser JI (ed) Nitrification. IRL Press, Oxford, UK, pp 17–38
Bock E, Ahlers B, Myer C (1989) Biogene Korrosion von Beton-und Natursteinen durch salpetersäure bildende. Bakterien Bauphysik 11:141–144
Bock E, Sand W (1990) Microbially influenced corrosion of concrete and natural sandstone. In: Dowling NJ, Mittelman MW, Danko JC (eds) Microbially influenced corrosion and biodeterioration. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 3/29–3/33
Bogan RT, Brewer RT (1985) Cellulose esters, organic. In: Kroschwitz JI (ed) Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 158–181
Bonet R, Simon-Pujol MD, Congregado F (1993) Effects of nutrients on exopolysaccharide production and surface properties of Aeromonas salmonicida. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:2437–2441
Booth GH, Tiller AK (1960) Polarization studies of mild steel in cultures of sulphate-reducing bacteria. Trans Faraday Soc 56:1689–1696
Booth GH, Tiller AK (1962) Polarization studies of mild steel in cultures of sulphate-reducing bacteria. Part 2: thermophilic organisms. Trans Faraday Soc 58:110–115
Booth GH, Tiller AK, Wormwell F (1962) Ancient iron nails well preserved from apparently corrosive soils. Nature (Lond) 195:376–377
Booth GH, Elford L, Wakerly DJ (1968) Corrosion of mild steel by sulfate-reducing bacteria: an alternative mechanism. Br Corrosion J 3:242–245
Borenstein S (1994) Microbiologically influenced corrosion handbook. Woodhead, Cambridge, MA, p 56
Bos R, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ (1999) Physico-chemistry of initial microbial adhesion interactions – its mechanisms and methods for study. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:179–230
Bouwer EJ (1992) Bioremediation of organic contaminants in the subsurface. In: Mitchell R (ed) Environmental microbiology. Wiley, New York, pp 319–333
Brandl H, Gross RA, Lenz RW, Fuller RC (1988) Pseudomonas oleovorans as a source of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) for potential application as biodegradable polyesters. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1977–1982
Breslin VT (1993) Degradation of starch-plastic composites in a municipal solid waste landfill. J Environ Polym Degr 1:127–141
Breslin VT, Swanson RL (1993) Deterioration of starch-plastic composite in the environment. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43:325–335
Breslin CB, Chen C, Mansfeld F (1997) The electrochemical behaviour of stainless steels following surface modification in cerium-containing solutions. Corrosion Sci 39:1061–1073
Breznak JA (1984) Activity on surfaces. In: Marshall KC (ed) Microbial adhesion and aggregation. Dahlem Konferenzen/Springer, Berlin, pp 203–221
Broomfield JP (2000) Corrosion of steel in concrete. In: Revie RW (ed) Uhlig’s corrosion handbook, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 581–600
Brown GA (1982) Implications of electronic and ionic conductivities of polyimide films in integrated circuit fabrication. In: Feit ED, Wilkins CW (eds) Polymer materials for electronic applications. American Chemical Society, Washington DC, ACS Symposium Ser, vol 184, pp 151–169
Brözel VS, Cloete TE (1993) Bacterial resistance to conventional water treatment biocides. Biodeter Abstr 7:387–395
Brune A, Frenzel P, Cypionka H (2000) Life at the oxic-anoxic interface: microbial activities and adaptations. FEMS Microbiol Rev 24:691–710
Bryers JD (1990) Biofilms in biotechnology. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York, pp 733–773
Bryers JD, Characklis WG (1990) Biofilms in water and wastewater treatment. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York, pp 671–696
Bryers JD (1994) Biofilms and the technological implications of microbial cell adhesion. Colloid Surf B Biointerf 2:9–23
Buchanan CM, Gardner RM, Komarek RJ (1993) Aerobic biodegradation of cellulose acetate. J Appl Polym Sci 47:1709–1719
Budwill K, Fedorak PM, Page WJ (1992) Methanogenic degradation of poly(3-hydroxyalkanoates). Appl Environ Microbiol 58:1398–1401
Busscher HJ, Sjollema J, van der Mei HC (1990) Relative importance of surface free energy as a measure of hydrophobicity in bacterial adhesion to solid surfaces. In: Doyle RJ, Rosenberg M (eds) Microbial cell surface hydrophobicity. American Society for Microbiology, Washington DC, pp 335–339
Byrom D (1991) Miscellaneous biomaterials. In: Byrom D (ed) Biomaterials: novel materials from biological sources. Macmillan, New York, pp 335–359
Cacciari I, Quatrini P, Zirletta G, Mincione E, Vinciguerra V, Lupattelli P, Sermanni GG (1993) Isotactic polypropylene biodegradation by a microbial community: physicochemical characterization of metabolites produced. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3695–3700
Caldwell DE, Lawrence JR (1986) Growth kinetics of Pseudomonas fluorescens microcolonies within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments. Microb Ecol 12:299–312
Caldwell DE, Wolfaaedt GM, Korber DR, Lawrence JR (1997) Do bacterial communities transcend Darwinism? Adv Microb Ecol 15:105–191
Callow ME, Fletcher RL (1994) The influence of low surface energy materials on bioadhesion – a review. Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:333–348
Campaignolle X, Crolet J-L (1997) Method for studying stabilization of localized corrosion on carbon steel by sulfate-reducing bacteria. Corrosion 53:440–447
Cargill KL, Pyle BH, McFeters GA (1992) Effects of culture conditions and biofilm formation on the iodine susceptibility of Legionella pneumophila. Can J Microbiol 38:423–429
Cariola MG, Forni C, Albertano P (1987) Characterization of the algal flora growing on ancient Roman frescoes. Phycologia 26:387–397
Chahal PS, Chahal DS, André G (1992) Cellulase production profile of Trichoderma reesei on different cellulosic substrates at various pH levels. J Ferment Bioeng 74:126–128
Characklis WG (1990) Microbial fouling. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York, pp 523–584
Chen G, Clayton CR, Sadowski RA, Gillow JB, Francis AJ (1995) Influence of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the passive film formed on austenitic stainless steel, AISI 304 NACE International, Houston TX Corrosion
Chen G (1996) An XPS study of the passivity of stainless steels influenced by sulfate-reducing bacteria (PhD dissertation). State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York, p 279
Chen X, Stewart PS (1996) Chlorine penetration into artificial biofilm is limited by a reaction-diffusion interaction. Environ Sci Technol 30:2078–2083
Chen G, Kagwade SV, French GE, Ford TE, Mitchell R, Clayton CR (1996) Metal ion and expolymer interaction: a surface analytical study. Corrosion 52:891–899
Choi MH, Yoon SC (1994) Polyester biosynthesis characteristics of Pseudomonas citronellolis grown on various carbon sources, including 3-methyl-branched substrates. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3245–3254
Clapp WP (1948) Macro-organisms in sea water and their effect on corrosion. In: Uhlig HH (ed) The corrosion handbook. Wiley, New York, pp 433–441
Clark TR, Ehrlich HL (1992) Copper removal from an industrial waste by bioleaching. J Ind Microbiol 9:213–218
Clayton CR, Halada GP, Kearns JR, Gillow JB, Francis AJ (1994) Spectroscopic study of sulfate reducing bacteria-metal ion interactions related to microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). In: Kearns JR, Little BJ (eds) Microbiologically influenced corrosion testing. American Society for Testing and, Philadelphia, PA, ASTM STP, vol 1232, pp 141–152
Corbett RA, Morrison WS, Bickford DF (1987) Corrosion evaluation of alloys for nuclear waste processing. Mat Perf 2:40–45
Corvo F, Haces C, Betancourt N, Maldonado L, Véleca L, Echeverria M, de Rincón OT, Rincón A (1997) Atmospheric corrosivity in the Caribbean area. Corrosion Sci 39:823–833
Costerton JW, Geesey GG, Cheng K-J (1978) How bacteria stick. Scient Am 238:86–95
Costerton JW, Geesey GG, Jones PA (1988) Bacterial biofilms in relation to internal corrosion monitoring and biocide strategies. Mat Perf 4:49–53
Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, DeBeer D, Caldwell D, Korber D, James G (1994) Biofilms, the customized microniche. J Bacteriol 176:2137–2142
Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM (1995) Microbial biofilms. Ann Rev Microbiol 49:711–745
Crabbe JR, Campbell JR, Thompson L, Walz SL, Scultz WW (1994) Biodegradation of a colloidal ester-based polyurethane by soil fungi. Int Biodeter Biodegr 33:103–113
Cromwick A-M, Gross RA (1995) Investigation by NMR of metabolic routes to bacterial γ-poly(glutamic acid) using 13C-labelled citrate and glutamate as media carbon source. Can J Microbiol 41:902–909
Cunningham AB, Bouwer EJ, Characklis WG (1990) Biofilms in porous media. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York, pp 697–732
Cunningham AM, Characklis WG, Abedeen F, Crawford D (1991) Influence of biofilm accumulation on porous media hydrodynamics. Environ Sci Technol 25:1305–1311
Cunningham DP, Lundie LL Jr (1993) Precipitation of cadmium by Clostridium thermoaceticum. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:7–14
Dalton HM, Poulsen LK, Halasz P, Angles ML, Goodman AE, Marshall KC (1994) Substratum-induced morphological changes in a marine bacterium and their relevance to biofilm structure. J Bacteriol 176:6900–6906
Daniels L, Belay N, Rajagopal B, Weimer P (1987) Bacterial methanogenesis and growth from CO2 with elemental ion as the sole source of electrons. Science 237:509–511
Danin A (1993) Biogenic weathering of marble monuments in Didim, Turkey and in Trajan Column, Rome. Water Sci Technol 27:557–563
Davey ME, O'Toole GA (2000) Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics. Microbiol Molec Biol Rev 64:847–867
Davidson D, Beheshti B, Mittelman MW (1996) Effects of Arthrobacter sp. Acidovorax delafieldii, and Bacillus megaterium colonisation on copper solvency in a laboratory reactor. Biofouling 9:279–292
Davies DG, Parsek MR, Pearson JP, Iglewski BH, Costerton JW, Greenberg EP (1998) The involvement of cell-to-cell signals in the development of a bacterial biofilm. Science 280:295–298
Devanathan MAV, Stachurski Z (1962) Adsorption and diffusion of electrolytic hydrogen in palladium. Proc Roy Soc Lond A 270:90–110
Dexter SC (1993) Role of microfouling organisms in marine corrosion. Biofouling 7:97–127
Dickinson WH, Caccavo F Jr, Lewandowski Z (1996) The ennoblement of stainless steel by manganic oxide biofouling. Corrosion Sci 38:1407–1422
Dickinson WH, Caccavo F Jr, Olesen B, Lewandowski Z (1997) Ennoblement of stainless steel by the manganese-depositing bacterium Leptothrix discophora. App lEnviron Microbiol 63:2502–2506
Diercks M, Sand W, Bock E (1991) Microbial corrosion of concrete. Experientia 47:514–516
Dobbins JJ, Giammara BL, Hanker JS, Yates PE, DeVries WC (1989) Demonstration of the bacterial-biomaterial interface in implant specimens. In: Hanker JS, Giammara BL (eds) Biomedical materials and devices materials, vol 110. Research Society, Philadelphia, pp 337–348
Doi Y (1990) Biodegradation of microbial polyesters. In: Doi Y (ed) Microbial polyesters. VCH, New York, pp 135–152
Douglas S, Beveridge TJ (1998) Mineral formation by bacteria in natural microbial communities. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 26:79–88
Dowling NJE, Brooks SA, Phelps TJ, White DC (1992) Effects of selection and fate of substrate supplied to anaerobic bacteria involved in the corrosion of pipe-line steel. J Ind Microbiol 10:207–215
Dowling NJE, Guezenec J (1997) Microbially influenced corrosion. In: Hurst CJ, Knudsen GR, McInerney MJ, Stetzenbach LD, Walter MV (eds) Manual of environmental microbiology. ASM Press, Washington, DC, pp 842–855
Downing KM, Ho CS, Zabriskie DW (1987) Enzymatic production of ethanol from cellulose using soluble cellulose acetate as an intermediate. Biotech Bioeng 29:1086–1096
Drake H (1994) Acetogenesis, acetogenic bacteria, and the acetyl-CoA ‘Wood/Ljungdahl’ pathway: past and current perspectives. In: Drake HL (ed) Acetogenesis. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 1–60
Dunn DS, Sridhar N, Cragnolino GA (1995) Effects of surface chromium depletion on localized corrosion of alloy 825 as a high-level nuclear waste container material. Corrosion 51:618–624
Dutton MV, Evans CS (1996) Oxalate production by fungi: its role in pathogenicity and ecology in the soil environment. Can J Microbiol 42:881–895
Dwyer D, Tiedje JM (1983) Degradation of ethylene glycol and polyethylene glycols by methanogenic consortia. Appl Environ Microbiol 46:185–190
Eashwar M, Martrhamuthu S, Palanichamy S, Balakrishnan K (1995) Sunlight irradiation of seawater eliminates ennoblement-causation by biofilms. Biofouling 8:215–221
Eckhardt FEW (1978) Microorganisms and weathering of a sandstone monument. In: Krumbein WE (ed) Environmental biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology, vol 2, The terrestrial environment. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, pp 675–586
Edwards DP, Nevell TG, Plunkett BA, Ochiltree BC (1994) Resistance to marine fouling of elastomeric coatings of some poly(dimethylsiloxanes) and poly(dimethyldiphenylsiloanes). Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:349–359
Ehrich S, Bock E (1996) Biogenic sulfuric acid corrosion test procedure for cement bound materials. In: Sand W (ed) DECHEMA monographs, vol 133, Biodeterioration and biodegradation. VCH Verlagesellschäft, Frankfurt, pp 193–198
Ehrlich HL (1996) Geomicrobial processes: a physiological and biochemical overview. In: Ehrlich HL (ed) Geomicrobiology, 3rd edn. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 108–142
El-Sayed AHMM, Mohmoud WM, Davis EM, Coughlin RW (1996) Biodegradation of polyurethane coatings by hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria. Int Biodeter Biodegr 37:69–79
Emerson A, Moyer C (1997) Isolation and characterization of novel iron-oxidizing bacteria that grow at circumneutral pH. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:4784–4792
Enos DG, Taylor SR (1996) Influence of sulfate-reducing bacteria on alloy 625 and austenitic stainless steel weldments. Corrosion 52:831–842
Evans UR (1948) An outline of corrosion mechanisms, including the electrochemical theory. In: Uhlig HH (ed) The corrosion handbook. Wiley, New York, pp 3–11
Ezeonu IM, Noble JA, Simmons RB, Price DL, Crow SA, Ahearn DG (1994a) Effect of relative humidity on fungal colonization of fiberglass insulation. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2149–2151
Ezeonu IM, Price DL, Simmons RB, Crow SA, Ahearn DG (1994b) Fungal production of volatiles during growth on fiberglass. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:4172–4173
Fabbri AA, Ricelli A, Brasini S, Fanelli C (1997) Effect of different antifungals on the control of paper biodeterioration caused by fungi. Int Biodeter Biodegr 39:61–65
Feddema JJ, Mererding TC (1991) Marble deterioration in the urban atmosphere. In: Baer NS, Sabbioni C, Sors AI (eds) Science, technology and European cultural heritage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford/England, pp 443–446
Fenchel T, Finlay BJ (1995) Anaerobic environments. In: Fenchel T, Finlay BJ (eds) Ecology and evolution in anoxic Worlds. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 1–31
Ferry JG (1995) Physiological ecology of methanogens. In: Ferry JG (ed) Methanogenesis: ecology, physiology, biochemistry and genetics. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 128–206
Filip Z (1978) Decomposition of polyurethane in a garbage landfill leakage water and by soil microorganisms. Eur J Appl Microbiol 5:225–231
Fischer W, Haenßel I, Paradies HH (1987) Gutachten: Schadensanalyse von Korrosionshäden an Brauchwasserleitungen aus Kupferrohren im Krieskrankenhaus Lüdenscheid/Hellersen, FRG Märkischer Kreis 17 March
Flemming H-C, Schaule G, McDonogh R, Ridgway HF (1994) Effects and extent of biofilm accumulation in membrane systems. In: Geesey GG, Lewandowski Z, Flemming HC (eds) Biofouling and biocorrosion in industrial water systems. Lewis, Boca Raton, pp 63–89
Fletcher M, Loeb GI (1979) Influence of substratum characteristics on the attachment of a marine Pseudomonad to solid surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 37:67–72
Fletcher M (1980) Adherence of marine micro-organisms to smooth surfaces. In: Beachey EH (ed) Bacterial adherence, vol 6, Receptors and recognition, Series B. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 345–374
Fletcher M (1996) Bacterial attachment in aquatic environments: a diversity of surfaces and adhesion strategies. In: Fletcher M (ed) Bacterial adhesion: molecular and ecological diversity. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 1–24
Flores M, Lorenzo J, Gomez-Alarcon G (1997) Algae and bacteria on historic monuments at Alcala de Henares, Spain. Int Biodeter Biodegr 40:241–246
Florian M-LE (1996) The role of the conidia of fungi in fox spots. Studies Conserv 41:65–75
Ford T, Black JP, Mitchell R (1986) Relationship between bacterial exopolymers and corroding metal surfaces. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
Ford T, Maki J, Mitchell R (1987a) The role of metal-binding bacterial exopolymers in corrosion processes. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 87–380
Ford TE, Walch M, Mitchell R (1987b) Corrosion of metals by thermophilic microorganisms. Mat Perf 26:35–39
Ford T, Maki J, Mitchell R (1988) Involvement of bacterial exopolymers in biodeterioration of metals. In: Houghton DR, Smith RN, Eggins HOW (eds) Biodeterioration, vol 7. Elsevier Science, New York, pp 378–384
Ford T, Mitchell R (1990a) Metal embrittlement by bacterial hydrogen – an overview. Marine Technol Soc J 24:29–35
Ford T, Mitchell R (1990b) The ecology of microbial corrosion. In: Marshall KC (ed) Advances in microbial ecology, vol 11. Plenum Press, New York, pp 231–262
Ford TE, Seaison PC, Harris T, Mitchell R (1990a) Investigation of microbiologically produced hydrogen permeation through palladium. J Electrochem Soc 137:1175–1179
Ford TE, Black JP, Mitchell R (1990b) Relationship between bacterial exopolymers and corroding metal surfaces. NACE International, Houston, pp 90–110
Ford T, Sacco E, Black J, Kelley T, Goodacre R, Berkley RCW, Mitchell R (1991) Characterization of exopolymers of aquatic bacteria by pyrolysis-mass spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:1595–1601
Ford T, Mitchell R (1992) Microbial transport of toxic metals. In: Mitchell R (ed) Environmental microbiology. Wiley, New York, pp 83–101
Ford TE (1993) The microbial ecology of water distribution and outfall systems. In: Ford TE (ed) Aquatic microbiology: an ecological approach. Blackwell Scientific, Boston, pp 455–482
Ford T, Maki J, Mitchell R (1995) Metal-microbe interactions. In: Gaylarde CC, Videla HA (eds) Bioextraction and biodeterioration of metals. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 1–23
Fortin D, Southam G, Beveridge TJ (1994) Nickel sulfide, iron-nickel sulfide and iron sulfide precipitation by a newly isolated Desulfotomaculum species and its relation to nickel resistance. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 14:121–132
Frazer AC (1994) O-methylation and other transformations of aromatic compounds by acetogenic bacteria. In: Drake HL (ed) Acetogenesis. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 445–483
Freeman C, Lock MA (1995) The biofilm polysaccharide matrix: a buffer against changing organic substrate supply? Limnol Oceanogr 40:273–278
Frings J, Schramm E, Schink B (1992) Enzymes involved in anaerobic polyethylene glycol degradation by Pelobacter venetianus and Bacteroides Strain PG1. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2164–2167
Fuchs DR, Popall M, Römich H, Schmidt H (1991) Preservation of stained glass windows: new materials and techniques. In: Baer NS, Sabbioni C, Sors AI (eds) Science, technology and european cultural heritage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford/England, pp 679–683
Gamerith G, Groicher R, Zeilinger S, Herzog P, Kubicek CP (1992) Cellulase-poor xylanases produced by Trichoderma reesei RUT C-30 on hemicellulose substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:315–322
Gangloff RP, Kelly RG (1994) Microbe-enhanced environmental fatigue crack propagation in HY130 steel. Corrosion 50:345–354
Garcia de Miguel JM, Sanchez-Castillo L, Ortega-Calvo JJ, Gil JA, Saiz-Jimenez C (1995) Deterioration of building materials from the Great Jaguar Pyramid at Tikal. Guatemala Build Environ 30:591–598
Gazenko OG, Grigoryev AI, Bugrov SA, Yegorov VV, Bogomolov VV, Kozlovskaya IB, Tarasov IK (1990) Review of the major results of medical research during the flight of the second prime crew of the Mir space station (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 23:3–11
Gebers R, Hirsch P (1978) Isolation and investigation of Pedomicrobium spp., heavy metal-depositing bacteria from soil habitats. In: Krumbein WE (ed) Environmental biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology: methods, metals and assessment, vol 3. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, pp 911–922
Geesey GG, Mittelman MW, Iwaoka T, Griffiths PR (1986) Role of bacterial exopolymers in the deterioration of copper surfaces. Mat Perf 25:37–40
Geesey GG, White DC (1990) Determination of bacterial growth and activity at solid-liquid interfaces. Ann Rev Microbiol 44:579–602
Geesey GG, Gills RJ, Avci R, Daly D, Hamilton M, Shope P, Harkon G (1996) The influence of surface features on bacterial colonization and subsequent substratum chemical changed of 316 L stainless steel. Corrosion Sci 38:73–95
Gehrke T, Telegdi J, Thierry D, Sand W (1998) Importance of extracellular polymeric substances from Thiobacillus ferrooxidans for bioleaching. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:2743–2747
Gelmi M, Apostoli P, Cabibbo E, Porrru S, Alessio L, Turano A (1994) Resistance to cadmium salts and metal absorption by different microbial species. Curr Microbiol 29:335–341
Ghassem H, Adibi N (1995) Bacterial corrosion of reformer heater tubes. Mat Perf 34:47–48
Ghiorse WC, Hirsch P (1978) Iron and manganese deposition by budding bacteria. In: Krumbein WE (ed) Environmental Biogeochemistry and geomicrobiology, vol 3, Methods, metals and assessment. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, pp 897–909
Ghiorse WC, Hirsch P (1979) An ultrastructural study of iron and manganese deposition associated with extracellular polymers of Pedomicrobium-like budding bacteria. Arch Microbiol 123:213–226
Ghiorse WC (1989) Manganese and iron as physiological electron donors and acceptors in aerobic-anaerobic transition zones. In: Cohen Y, Rosenberg E (eds) Microbial mats: physiological ecology of benthic microbial communities. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC, pp 163–169
Gibson DT, Subramanian V (1984) Microbial degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. In: Gibson DT (ed) Microbial degradation of organic compounds. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 181–252
Gillatt J (1990) The biodeterioration of polymer emulsions and its prevention with biocides. Int Biodeter 26:205–216
Gillis RJ, Gillis JR (1996) A comparative study of bacterial attachment to high-purity water system surfaces. Ultrapure Water 9:27–36
Gilmore DF, Antoun S, Lenz RW, Goodwin S, Austin R, Fuller RC (1992) The fate of biodegradable plastics in municipal leaf compost. J Indust Microbiol 10:199–206
Gilmore DF, Antoun S, Lenz RW, Fuller RC (1993) Degradation of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) and polyolefin blends in a municipal wastewater treatment facility. J Environ Polym Degr 1:269–274
Glagolev AN (1984) Motility and taxis in prokaryotes. In: Skulachev VP (ed) Soviet scientific reviews supplement series: physicochemical biology. Harwood Academic, Zurich, pp 59–64
Gómez-Alarcón G, Cilleros B, Flores M, Lorenzo J (1995a) Microbial communities and alteration processes in monuments at Alcala de Henares, Spain. Sci Total Environ 167:231–239
Gómez-Alarcón G, Munoz M, Arino X, Ortega-Calvo JJ (1995b) Microbial communities in weathered sandstone: the case of Carrascosa del Campo church, Spain. Sci Total Environ 169:249–254
Gottschalk G (1986) Regulation of bacterial metabolism. In: Gottschalk G (ed) Bacterial metabolism, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, pp 178–282
Gross RA, Gu J-D, Eberiel D, Nelson M, McCarthy SP (1993) Cellulose acetate biodegradability in simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactors as well as by a bacterial isolate derived from compost. In: Kaplan D, Thomas E, Ching C (eds) Fundamentals of biodegradable materials and packaging. Technomic, Lancaster, pp 257–279
Gross RA, Gu JD, Eberiel D, McCarthy SP (1995) Laboratory scale composting test methods to determine polymer degradability: model studies on cellulose acetate. In: Albertson A, Huang S (eds) Degradable polymers, recycling and plastics waste management. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 21–36
Gu J-D, Berry DF (1991) Degradation of substituted indoles by an indole-degrading methanogenic consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:2622–2627
Gu J-D, Berry DF (1992) Metabolism of 3-methylindole by a methanogenic consortium. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2667–2669
Gu J-D, Berry DF, Taraban RH, Martens DC, Walker HL Jr, Edmonds WJ (1992a) Biodegradability of atrazine, cyanazine, and dicamba in wetland soils. Virginia Water Resource Research Center, Blacksburg
Gu J-D, Gada M, Kharas G, Eberiel D, McCarty SP, Gross RA (1992b) Degradability of cellulose acetate (1. 7 and 2. 5, d. s.) and poly(lactide) in simulated composting bioreactors. Polym Mater Sci Engin 67:351–352
Gu J-D, McCarty SP, Smith GP, Eberiel D, Gross RA (1992c) Degradability of cellulose acetate (1.7, d.s.) and cellophane in anaerobic bioreactors. Polym Mat Sci Engin 67:230–231
Gu J-D, Coulter S, Eberiel D, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1993a) A respirometric method to measure mineralization of polymeric materials in a matured compost environment. J Environ Polym Degr 1:293–299
Gu J-D, Eberiel DT, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1993b) Cellulose acetate biodegradability upon exposure to simulated aerobic composting and anaerobic bioreactor environments. J Environ Polym Degr 1:143–153
Gu J-D, Eberiel D, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1993c) Degradation and mineralization of cellulose acetate in simulated thermophilic composting environment. J Environ Polym Degr 1:281–291
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Thorp KEG, Mitchell R (1994a) Microbial degradation of polymeric materials. In: Naguy T (ed) Proceedings of the tri-service conference on corrosion, 21–23 June 1994, Orlando, Florida. US Government Printing House, Washington, DC, pp 291–302
Gu J-D, Yang S, Welton R, Eberiel D, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1994b) Effects of environmental parameters on the degradability of polymer films in laboratory-scale composting reactors. J Environ Polym Degr 2:129–135
Gu J-D, Mitchell R (1995) Microbiological influenced corrosion of metal, degradation and deterioration of polymeric materials of space application (in English). Chinese J Mat Res 9(Suppl):473–489
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitton B, Mitchell R (1995a) Microbial degradation of complex polymeric materials used as insulation in electronic packaging materials. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Thorp KEG, Mitchell R (1995b) Effects of microorganisms on stability of fiber reinforced polymeric composites. In: Hui D (ed) Second international conference on composites engineering. University of New Orleans, 21–24 Aug 1995, pp 279–280
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Thorp KEG, Mitchell R (1995c) Microbial biodeterioration of fiber reinforced composite materials. In: Angell P, Borenstein SW, Buchanan RA, Dexter SC, Dowling NJE, Little BJ, Lundin CD, McNeil MB, Pope DH, Tatnall RE, White DC, Zigenfuss HG (eds) 1995 international conference on microbial influenced corrosion. NACE International, Houston TX 25/1–7
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Thorp KEG, Mitchell R (1995d) Microbial deterioration of fiber reinforced polymeric materials. In: Scully J (ed) Corrosion/95, Research in progress symposium. NACE International, Houston, pp 16–17
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Berke NS, Mitchell R (1996a) Fungal degradation of concrete. In: Sand W (ed) DECHEMA monographs, Biodeterioration and biodegradation, vol 133. VCH, Frankfurt, pp 135–142
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitchell R (1996b) Susceptibility of electronic insulating polyimides to microbial degradation. J Appl Polym Sci 62:1029–1034
Gu J-D, Ford T, Thorp K, Mitchell R (1996c) Microbial growth on fiber reinforced composite materials. Int Biodeter Degr 39:197–204
Gu J-D, Lu C, Thorp K, Crasto A, Mitchell R (1996d) Susceptibility of polymeric coatings to microbial degradation. NACE International, Houston
Gu J-D, Thorp K, Crasto A, Mitchell R (1996e) Microbiological degradation of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites. In: The electrochemical society spring meeting, 5–10 May 1996, Los Angeles The Electrochemical Society, Pennington, pp 143–144
Gu J-D, Lu C, Thorp K, Crasto A, Mitchell R (1997a) Fiber-reinforced polymeric composite materials are susceptible to microbial degradation. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 18:364–369
Gu J-D, Lu C, Thorp K, Crasto A, Mitchell R (1997b) Fungal degradation of fiber-reinforced composite materials. Mat Perf 36:37–42
Gu J-D, Maki JS, Mitchell R (1997c) Microbial biofilms and their role in the induction and inhibition of invertebrate settlement. In: D’Itri FM (ed) Zebra mussels and aquatic nuisance species. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, pp 343–357
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Berke NS, Mitchell R (1998a) Biodeterioration of concrete by the fungus Fusarium. Int Biodeter Biodegr 41:101–109
Gu J-D, Mitton DB, Ford TE, Mitchell R (1998b) Microbial degradation of polymeric coatings measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Biodegradation 9:35–39
Gu J-D, Roman M, Esselman T, Mitchell R (1998c) The role of microbial biofilms in deterioration of space station candidate materials. Int Biodeter Biodegr 41:25–33
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitchell R (2000a) Microbial corrosion of metals. In: Revie W (ed) The H. H. Uhlig corrosion handbook, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 915–927
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitchell R (2000b) Microbial corrosion of concrete. In: Revie W (ed) The H. H. Uhlig corrosion handbook, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 477–491
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitchell R (2000c) Microbial degradation of materials: general processes. In: Revie W (ed) The H. H. Uhlig corrosion handbook, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 349–365
Gu J-D, Ford TE, Mitton DB, Mitchell R (2000d) Microbial degradation and deterioration of polymeric materials. In: Revie W (ed) The H. H. Uhlig corrosion handbook, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 439–460
Gu J-D, Gu J-G, Li XY (2000e) Degradation of poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-16 % valerate) and cellulose acetate (DS 1. 7 and 2. 5) under simulated landfill condition. In: Bao X, Englande AJ (eds) Critical technologies to the World in 21th Century: pollution control and reclamation in process industries, September 18–20, 2000 International Water Association (IWA) Beijing P.R. China, pp 564–572
Gu J-D, Cheung KH (2001) Phenotypic expression of Vogesella indigofera upon exposure to hexavalent chromium, Cr6+. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:475–480
Gu J-D, Belay B, Mitchell R (2001) Protection of catheter surfaces from adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by a combination of silver ions and lectins. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 17:173–179
Gu J-D, Gu J-G, Shi HC, Li XY (2001b) Simulating anaerobic landfill conditions in bioreactors and testing polymer degradability using poly(β-hydroxybutyrate-co-16 % valerate) and cellulose acetates (DS 1.7 and 2.5) Water Sci Technol
Guezennec J, Ortega-Morales O, Raguenes G, Geesey G (1998) Bacterial colonization of artificial substrate in the vicinity of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 26:89–99
Gujer W, Zehnder AJB (1983) Conversion processes in anaerobic digestion. Water Sci Technol 15:127–167
Gunjala KR, Sulflita JM (1993) Environmental factors influencing methanogenesis from refuse in landfill samples. Environ Sci Technol 27:1176–1181
Hadley RF (1948) Corrosion by micro-organisms in aqueous and soil environments. In: Uhlig HH (ed) The corrosion handbook. Wiley, New York, pp 466–481
Hahn PO, Rubloff GW, Bartha JW, Legoues F, Tromp R, Ho PS (1985) Chemical interactions at metal-polymer interfaces. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 40:251–263
Hamilton WA (1985) Sulphate-reducing bacteria and anaerobic corrosion. Ann Rev Microbiol 39:195–217
Hamilton JD, Reinert KH, Hogan JV, Lord WV (1995) Polymers as solid waste in municipal landfills. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 43:247–251
Hanert HH (1981) The Genus Siderocapsa (and other iron-or manganese-oxidizing eubacteria). In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balow A, Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes, vol 1. Springer, New York, pp 1049–1060, http://www.prokaryotes.com
Hass H, Herfurth E, Stöffler G, Redl B (1992) Purification, characterization and partial amino acid sequences of a xylanase produced by Penicillium chrysogenum. Biochim Biophys Acta 1117:279–286
Heisey RM, Papadatos S (1995) Isolation of microorganisms able to metabolize purified natural rubber. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3092–3097
Hernandez G, Kucera V, Thierry D, Pedersen A, Hermansson M (1994) Corrosion inhibition of steel by bacteria. Corrosion 50:603–608
Hespell RB, O'Bryan-Shah PJ (1988) Esterase activities in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens strains. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:1917–1922
Hill EC (1987) Microbial problems in the off-shore oil industry. Institute of Petroleum, London, pp 25–28
Hirsch P, Eckhardt F, Palmer RJ (1995a) Fungi active in weathering of rock and stone monuments. Can J Bot 73:1384–1390
Hirsch P, Eckhardt FEW, Palmer RJ Jr (1995b) Methods for the study of rock-inhabiting microorganisms – a mini review. J Microbiol Meth 23:143–167
Holland KT, Knapp JS, Shoesmith JG (1986) Industrial applications of anaerobes. In: Anaerobic bacteria. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 165–188
Holmes PA, Wright LF, Colins SH (1985) β-hydroxybutyrate polymers. European Patent Application EP 52, 459
Holmström C, Rittschof D, Kjelleberg S (1992) Inhibition of settlement by larvae of Balanus amphitrite and Ciona intestinalis by a surface-colonizing marine bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:2111–2115
Huang C-T, James G, Pitt WG, Stewart PS (1996) Effects of ultrasonic treatment on the efficacy of gentamicin against established Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. Colloid Surf B Biointerf 6:235–242
Hugenholtz P, Pitulle C, Hershberger KL, Pace NR (1998) Novel division level bacterial diversity in a Yellowstone Hot Spring. J Bacteriol 180:366–376
Hugo WB (1995) A brief history of heat, chemical and radiation preservation and disinfection. Int Biodeter Biodegr 35:197–217
Hungate RE (1969) A roll tube method for cultivation of strict anaerobes. In: Norris JR, Ribbons DW (eds) Methods in microbiology, vol 38. Academic, New York, pp 117–132
Hutchinson AJ, Johnson JB, Thompson GE, Wood GC, Sage PW, Cooke MJ (1993) Stone degradation due to wet deposition of pollutants. Corrosion Sci 34:1881–1898
Illmer P, Schinner F (1999) Influence of nutrient solution on Al-tolerance of Pseudomonas sp. FEMS Microbiol Lett 170:187–190
Iman SH, Gould JM (1990) Adhesion of an amylolytic Arthrobacter sp. to starch-containing plastic films. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:872–876
Iman SH, Gould JM, Gordon SH, Kinney MP, Ramsey AM, Tosteson TR (1992) Fate of starch-containing plastic films exposed in aquatic habitats. Curr Microbiol 25:1–8
Islam M, Thompson NG, Lankard DR, Virmani YP (1995) Quantitative identification of environmental factors in corrosion induced deterioration of reinforced bridge structures. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
Iverson WP (1981) An overview of the anaerobic corrosion of underground metallic structures, evidence for a new mechanism. In: Escalante E (ed) Underground corrosion. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Technical Publication No. 741, pp 33–52
Iverson WP, Olsen GJ (1983) Anaerobic corrosion by sulfate-reducing bacteria due to highly reactive volatile phosphorus compounds. In: Microbial corrosion. The Metal Society, London, pp 46–53
Iverson WP (1984) Mechanism of anaerobic corrosion of steel by sulfate reducing bacteria. Mat Perf 23:28–30
Iverson WP, Olsen GJ (1984) Problems relating to sulfate-reducing bacteria in the petroleum industry. In: Atlas RM (ed) Petroleum microbiology. Macmillan, New York, pp 619–641
Iverson WP, Olsen GJ, Heverly LF (1986) The role of phosphorus and hydrogen sulfide in the anaerobic corrosion of iron and the possible detection of this corrosion by an electrochemical noise technique. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biological influenced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 154–161
Jain KK, Mishra AK, Singh T (1993) Biodeterioration of stone: a review of mechanisms involved. In: Garg KL, Garg N, Mukerji KG (eds) Recent advances in biodeterioration and biodegradation. Naya Prokash, Calcutta, pp 323–354
Jayaraman A, Earthman JC, Wood TK (1997) Corrosion inhibition by aerobic biofilms on SAE 1018 steel. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 47:62–68
Jayaraman A, Ornek D, Duarte DA, Lee C-C, Wood TK (1999) Axenic aerobic biofilms inhibit corrosion of copper and aluminum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:787–790
Jazsa P-G, Kußmaul M, Bock E (1996a) Simulation of concrete corrosion by nitrifying bacteria. In: Sand W (ed) DECHEMA Monographs, vol 133: biodeterioration and biodegradation. VCH Verlagesellschäft, Frankfurt, pp 127–134
Jazsa P-G, Stüven R, Bock E, Kußmaul M (1996b) Statistical data analysis of microbially influenced deterioration of concrete. In: Sand W (ed) DECHEMA monographs, vol 133: Biodeterioration and Biodegradation VCH Verlagesellschäft Frankfurt, pp 199–208
Jensen RJ (1987) Polyimides as interlayer dielectrics for high-performance interconnections of integrated circuits. In: Bouwden MJ, Turner SR (eds) Polymers for high technology: electronics and photonics. American Chemical Society, ACS Symp. Ser. 346, Washington, DC, pp 466–483
Jensen RA (1992) Marine bioadhesive: role for chemosensory recognition in a marine invertebrate. Biofouling 5:177–193
John ME, Keller G (1996) Metabolic pathway engineering in cotton: biosynthesis of polyhydroxybutyrate in fiber cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:12768–12773
Jones-Meehan J, Vasanth KL, Conrad RK, Fernandez M, Little BJ, Ray RI (1994a) Corrosion resistance of several conductive caulks and sealants from marine field tests and laboratory studies with marine, mixed communities containing sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). In: Kearns JR, Little BJ (eds) Microbiologically influenced corrosion testing. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, ASTM STP 1232, pp 217–233
Jones-Meehan J, Walch M, Little BJ, Ray RI, Mansfeld FB (1994b) Effect of mixed sulfate-reducing bacterial communities on coatings. In: Geesey GG, Lewandowski Z, Flemming HC (eds) Biofouling and biocorrosion in industrial water systems. Lewis, Boca Raton, pp 107–135
Jorgensen BB (1988) Ecology of the sulphur cycle: oxidative pathways in sediments. In: Cole JA, Ferguson SJ (eds) The nitrogen and sulphur cycles. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 31–63
Karlsson S, Ljungquist O, Albertsson A-C (1988) Biodegradation of polyethylene and the influence of surfactants. Polym Degr Stab 21:237–250
Kawai F, Yamanaka H (1986) Biodegradation of polyethylene glycol by symbiotic mixed culture (obligate mutualism). Arch Microbiol 146:125–129
Kawai F (1987) The biochemistry of degradation of polyethers. CRC Biotechnol 6:273–307
Kawai F, Moriya F (1991) Bacterial assimilation of polytetramethylene glycol. J Ferment Bioeng 71:1–5
Keevil CW, Mackerness CW (1990) Biocide treatment of biofilms. Int Biodeter 26:169–179
Kelley DP (1981) Introduction to the chemolithotrophic bacteria. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüper HG, Balow A, Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York, pp 1023–1036, http://www.prokaryotes.com
Kelley K, Ishino Y, Ishida H (1987) Fourier transform IR reflection techniques for characterization of polyimide films on copper substrates. Thin Solid Films 154:271–279
Kelly DP (1981) Oxidation of sulphur compounds. In: Cole JA, Ferguson SJ (eds) The nitrogen cycle. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 997–1004
Kelly-Wintenberg K, Montie TC (1994) Chemotaxis to oligopeptides by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:363–367
Kemnitzer JE, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1992) Poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) stereoisomers: a model study of the effects of stereochemical and morphological variables on polymer biological degradability. Macromolecules 22:5927–5934
Kemnitzer JE, McCarthy SP, Gross RA (1993) Syndiospecific ring-opening polymerization of β-butyrolactone to form predominantly syndiotactic poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) using Tin (IV) catalysts. Macromolecules 23:6143–6150
Kessi J, Ramuz M, Wehrli E, Spycher M, Bachofen R (1999) Reduction of selenite and detoxification of elemental selenium by the phototrophic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4734–4740
Kim O, Gross RA, Rutherford DR (1995) Bioengineering of poly(β-hydroxyalkanoates) for advanced material applications: incorporation of cyano and nitrophenoxy side chain substituents. Can J Microbiol 41(Suppl):32–43
Kim B-K, de Macario EC, Nölling J, Daniels L (1996) Isolation and characterization of a copper-resistant methanogen from a copper-mining soil samples. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2629–2635
King B, Eggins HOW (1972) Some observations on decay mechanisms of microfungi deteriorating wood. In: Walters AH, Hueck-van der Plas EH (eds) Biodeterioration of materials. Halsted Press/Wiley, New York, pp 145–151
Klaus T, Joerger R, Olsson E, Granqvist CG (1999) Silver-based crystalline nanoparticles, microbially fabricated. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:13611–13614
Kluyver AJ, van Niel CB (1956) Life’s flexibility, microbial adaptation. In: Kluyver AJ, van Niel CB (eds) The microbe’s contribution to biology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 93–129
Knudsen JG (1981) Fouling of heat transfer surfaces. In: Marto PJ (ed) Power condenser heat transfer technology. Hemisphere, New York, pp 57–82
Knyazev VM, Korolkov VI, Viktorov AN, Pozharskiy GO, Petrova LN, Gorshkov VP (1986) Sanitary and microbiological aspects of closed environment occupied by people and animals (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 20:80–82
Kobrin G, Tatnall RE (1993) Introduction a practical manual on microbiological influenced corrosion. NACE International, Houston, pp 68–72
Koenig DW, Mishra SK, Pierson DL (1995) Removal of Burkholderia Cepacia biofilms with oxidants. Biofouling 9:51–62
Kong K, Johnstone DL, Yonge DR, Petersen JN, Brouns TM (1994) Long-term intracellular chromium partitioning with subsurface bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 42:403–407
Konhauser KO, Schultze-Lam S, Ferris FG, Fyfe WS, Longstaffe FJ, Beveridge TJ (1994) Mineral precipitation by epilithic biofilms in the Speed River, Ontario, Canada. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:549–553
Korber DR, Lawrence JR, Sutton B, Caldwell DE (1989) Effect of laminar flow velocity on the kinetics of surface recolonization by Mot+ and Mot− Pseudomonas fluorescens. Microb Ecol 18:1–9
Kormelink FJM, Voragen J (1993) Degradation of different [ (glucurono)arabino]xylans by a combination of purified xylan-degrading enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:688–695
Krieg NR, Holt JG (1984) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimor, p 1, http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys
Krumbein WE (1968) Inquiry on biological decomposition: the influence of microflora on the decomposition of building stone and its dependence on edaphic factors. Zeitschrift für Allgemeine Microbiologie 8:107–117
Kuenen JG, Tuovinen OH (1981) The genera Thiobacillus and Thiomicrospira. In: Starr MP, Stolp H, Trüoper HG, Balow A, Schlegel HG (eds) The prokaryotes. Springer, New York, pp 1023–1036, http://www.prokaryotes.com
KulpaCF, Baker CJ (1990) Involvement of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria in concrete deterioration. In: Dowling NJ, Mittelman MW, Danko JC (eds) Microbially influenced corrosion and biodeterioration. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 4/7–4/9
Kumar R, Venkataraman A (1996) Biodeterioration of stone monuments in tropical regions: a review of current research status. The Getty Conservation Institute, Marina del Rey, pp 1–63
Lai JH (1989) Polymers for electronic applications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 23–24
Lappin-Scott H, Costerton JW, Marrie TJ (1992) Biofilms and biofouling. In: Encyclopedia of microbiology, vol 1, pp 277–284
Lauwers AM, Heinen W (1974) Biodegradation and utilization of silica and quartz. Arch Microbiol 95:67–78
Lawrence JR, Delaquis PJ, Korber DR, Caldwell DE (1987) Behavior of Pseudomonas fluorescens within the hydrodynamic boundary layers of surface microenvironments. Arch Ecol 14:1–14
Lea FM, Desch CH (1936) The chemistry of cement and concrete. Edward Arnold, London, pp 16–17
Lee JA (1948) Plastics. In: Uhlig HH (ed) The corrosion handbook. Wiley, New York, pp 359–365
Lee SF, Forsberg CW, Gibbins LN (1985) Xylanolytic activity of Clostridium acetobutylicum. Appl Environ Microbiol 50:1068–1076
Lee SF, Forsberg CW, Rattray JB (1987a) Purification and characterization of two endoxylanases from Clostridium acetobutylicum. ATCC 824. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:644–650
Lee H, To RJB, Latta RK, Biely P, Schneider H (1987b) Some properties of extracellular acetylxylan esterase produced by the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:2831–2834
Lee W, Lewandowski Z, Okabe S, Characklis WG, Avci R (1993a) Corrosion of mild steel underneath aerobic biofilms containing sulfate-reducing bacteria, part I: at low dissolved oxygen concentration. Biofouling 7:197–216
Lee W, Lewandowski Z, Morrison M, Characklis WG, Avci R, Nielsen PH (1993b) Corrosion of mild steel underneath aerobic biofilms containing sulfate-reducing bacteria, part II: at high dissolved oxygen concentration. Biofouling 7:217–239
Lee Y-E, Lowe SE, Zeikus JG (1993c) Regulation and characterization of xylanolytic enzymes of Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum B6A-RI. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:763–771
Lee W, Lewandowski Z, Nielsen PH, Hamilton WA (1995) Role of sulfate-reducing bacteria in corrosion of mild steel: a review. Biofouling 8:165–194
Lefebvre-Drouet E, Rousseau MF (1995) Dissolution de différents oxyhydroydes de fer par voie chimique et par voie biologique: importance des bactéries reductrices. Soil Biol Biochem 27:1041–1050
Lemaire J, Dabin P, Arnaud R (1992) Mechanisms of abiotic degradation of synthetic polymers. In: Vert M, Feijen J, Albertsson A, Scott G, Chiellini E (eds) Biodegradable polymers and plastics. Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, pp 30–39
Lemoigne M (1926) Produits de déshydration et de polymérisation de l'acide β-oxybutyric. Bull Soc Chim Biol (Paris) 8:770–782
Lewandowski Z, Stoodley P, Altobelli S (1995) Experimental and conceptual studies on mass transport in biofilms. Water Sci Technol 31:153–162
Leyden RN, Basiulis DI (1989) Adhesion and electrical insulation of thin polymeric coatings under saline exposure. In: Hanker JS, Giammara BL (eds) Biomedical materials and devices materials, vol 10. Research Society, Pittsburgh, pp 627–633
L′Hostis E, Compère C, Festy D, Tribollet B, Deslouis C (1997) Characterization of biofilms formed on gold in natural seawater by oxygen diffusion analysis. Corrosion 53:4–10
Li D, Lu R (1990) Purification and properties of periplasmic hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris D-2. Acta Microbiol Sinica 30:267–272
Li D, Ma Y, Flanagan WF, Lichter BD, Wikswo JP Jr (1997) Detection of hidden corrosion of aircraft aluminum alloy by magnetometry using a superconducting quantum interference device. Corrosion 53:93–98
Liken GE (1981) Some perspectives of the major biogeochemical cycles: scope 17. Wiley, New York, pp 93–112
Lin C, Olson BH (1995) Occurrence of cop-like copper resistance genes among bacteria isolated from a water distribution system. Can J Microbiol 41:642–646
Little B, Wagner P, Gerchakov SM, Walch M, Mitchell R (1986a) The involvement of a thermophilic bacterium in corrosion processes. Corrosion 42:533–536
Little BJ, Wagner P, Maki JS, Mitchell R (1986b) Factors influencing the adhesion of microorganisms to surfaces. J Adhesion 20:187–210
Little BJ, Depalma JR (1988) Marine biofouling. Treat Mat Sci Technol 28:89–119
Little B, Wagner P, Characklis WG, Lee W (1990) Microbial corrosion. In: Characklis WG, Marshall KC (eds) Biofilms. Wiley, New York, pp 635–670
Little BJ, Wagner P, Jones-Meehan J (1994) Sulfur isotopic fractionation in sulfide corrosion products as an indicator for microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC). In: Kearns JR, Little BJ (eds) Microbiologically influenced corrosion testing. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia PA ASTM STP 1232, pp 180–187
Liu X, Roe F, Jesaitis A, Lewandoski Z (1998) Resistance of biofilms to the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. Biotechnol Bioeng 59:156–162
Lovley DR, Stolz JF, Nord GL, Phillips EJ (1987) Anaerobic production of magnetite by a dissimilatory iron-reducing microorganism. Nature (Lond) 330:252–254
Lovley DR (1991) Dissimilatory Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction. Microbiol Rev 55:259–287
Lovley DR, Phillips EJP (1994) Reduction of chromate by Desulfovibrio vulgaris and its c3 cytochrome. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:726–728
Lü R, Liu Q, Xiao C, Bai S, Chen H, Wang F (1984) Study on microbicidal efficiency of chlorine dioxide for fouling harmful microbes in desalting water systems. Acta Microbiol Sinica 24:243–249
Lü R, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Xiao C (1989) Studies on harmful microbes in recirculating cooling water system of oil refinery. Acta Microbiol Sinica 29:204–215
Lusty CJ, Doudoroff M (1966) Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate depolymerases of Pseudomonas lemoignei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 56:960–965
Lüthi E, Jasmat NB, Bergquist PL (1990a) Overproduction of an acetylxylan esterase from the extreme thermophile ‘Caldocellum saccharolyticum’ in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 34:214–219
Lüthi E, Love DR, McAnulty J, Wallace C, Caughey PA, Saul D, Bergquist PL (1990b) Cloning, sequence analysis, and expression of genes encoding xylan-degrading enzymes from the thermophile ‘Caldocellum saccharolyticum’. Appl Environ Microbiol 56:1017–1024
Luu WC, Kuo HS, Wu JK (1997) Hydrogen permeation through nickel-plated steels. Corrosion Sci 39:1051–1059
Lynch JL, Edyvean RGJ (1988) Biofouling in oilfield water systems – a review. Biofouling 1:147–162
MacDonald MJ, Hartley DL, Speedie MK (1985) Location of cellulolytic enzyme activity in the marine fungus Trichocladium achrasporum. Can J Microbiol 31:145–148
MacDonald RM (1986) Nitrification in soil: an introductory history. In: Prosser JI (ed) Nitrification. IRL Press, Oxford, pp 1–16
MacKenzie CR, Bilous D, Schneider H, Johnsom KG (1987) Induction of cellulolytic and xylanolytic enzyme systems in Streptomyces spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:2853–2839
Madigan MT, Martinko JM, Parker J (2000) Brock biology of microorganisms, 9th edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River
Maki JS, Rittschof D, Schmidt AR, Snyder AS, Mitchell R (1989) Factors controlling attachment of bryozoan larvae: a comparison of bacterial films and unfilmed surfaces. Biol Bull 177:295–302
Maki JS, Little BJ, Wagner P, Mitchell R (1990a) Biofilm formation on metal surfaces in Antarctic waters. Biofouling 2:27–38
Maki JS, Rittschof D, Samuelson MO, Szewzyk U, Yule AB, Kjelleberg S, Costlow JD, Mitchell R (1990b) Effect of marine bacteria and their exopolymers on attachment of barnacle cypris larvae. Bull Marine Sci 46:499–511
Mansfeld F, Shih H, Postyn A, Devinny J, Islander R, Chen CL (1990) Corrosion monitoring and control in concrete sewer pipes. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
Mansfeld F (1994) Effectiveness of ion vapor-deposited aluminum as a primer for epoxy and urethane topcoats. Corrosion 50:609–612
Mansfeld F (1995) Use of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the study of corrosion by polymer coatings. J Appl Electrochem 25:187–202
Margulis L (1981) The endosymbiotic theory. In: Margulis L (ed) Symbiosis in cell evolution. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp 1–14
Marshall KC, Stout R, Mitchell R (1971) Mechanism of the initial events in the sorption of marine bacteria to surfaces. J Gen Microbiol 68:337–348
Marshall KC (1976) Solid-liquid and solid-gas interfaces. In: Marshall KC (ed) Interfaces in microbial ecology. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, pp 27–52
Marshall KC (1980) Adsorption of microorganisms to soils and sediments. In: Bitton G, Marshall KC (eds) Adsorption of microorganisms to surfaces. Wiley, New York, pp 317–329
Marshall KC (1992) Biofilms: an overview of bacterial adhesion, activity, and control at surfaces. ASM News 58:202–207
Martrhamuthu S, Rajagopal G, Sathianarayannan S, Eashwar M, Balakrishnan K (1995) A photoelectrochemical approach to the ennoblement process: proposal of an adsorbed inhibitor theory. Biofouling 8:223–232
Mas-Castellà J, Urmeneta J, Lafuente R, Navarrete A, Guerrero R (1995) Biodegradation of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates in anaerobic sediments. Int Biodeter Biodegr 35:155–174
Matamala G, Smeltzer W, Droguett G (1994) Use of tannin anticorrosive reaction primer to improve traditional coating systems. Corrosion 4:270–275
Matis KA, Zouboulis AI, Grioriadou AA, Lazaridis NK, Ekateriniadou LV (1996) Metal biosorption-flotation, application to cadmium removal. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 45:569–573
Mattila K, Carpen L, Hakkarainen T, Salkinoja-Salonen MS (1997) Biofilm development during ennoblement of stainless steel in Baltic Sea water: a microscopic study. Int Biodeter Biodegr 40:1–10
May E, Lewis FJ, Pereira S, Taylor S, Seaward MRD (1993) Microbial deterioration of building stone – a review. Biodeter Abstr 7:109–123
Mayr E (1998) Two empires or three? Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:9720–9723
McCain JW, Mirocha CJ (1995) Screening computer diskettes and other magnetic media for susceptibility to fungal colonization. Int Biodeter Biodegr 33:255–268
McFeters GA (1991) Disinfection susceptibility of waterborne Pseudomonads and Legionellae under simulated space vehicle conditions. Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems San Francisco CA SAE Technical Paper 911404, ICE
McFeters GA, Yu FP, Pyle BH, Stewart PS (1995) Physiological methods to study biofilm disinfection. J Ind Microbiol 15:333–338
McLean RJC, Nickel JC, Olson ME (1995) Biofilm associated urinary tract infections. In: Lappin-Scott HM, Costerton JW (eds) Microbial biofilms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 261–273
McLean RJC, Whiteley M, Stickler DJ, Fuqua WC (1997) Evidence of autoinducer activity in naturally occurring biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Lett 154:259–263
Mergaert J, Webb A, Anderson C, Wouters A, Swings J (1993) Microbial-degradation of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) in soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3233–3238
Mergeay M (1991) Towards an understanding of the genetics of bacterial metal resistance. Trends Biotechnol 9:17–24
Meshkov D (1994) The influence of spaceflight conditions on sensitization of men to bacterial and chemical allergens. 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Confederation Congress, Jerusalem Israel IAF/IAA-94-G.1.125
Meyer L (1864) Chemische untersuchungen der thermen zu landeck in der grafschaft glatz. J Prakt Chem 91:1–15
Milde K, Sand W, Wolff W, Bock E (1983) Thiobacilli of the concrete walls of the Hamburg sewer system. J Gen Microbiol 129:1327–1333
Millard SG, Gowers KR, Bungey JH (1995) Galvanostatic pulse techniques: a rapid method of assessing corrosion rates of steel in concrete structure. NACE International Corrosion, Houston
Miller JDA (1970) Microbial aspects of metallurgy. Elsevier, New York, pp 61–105
Mills AL, Powelson DK (1996) Bacterial interactions with surfaces in soils. In: Fletcher M (ed) Bacterial adhesion: molecular and ecological diversity. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 25–57
Milstein O, Gersonde R, Huttermann A, Chen M-J, Meister JJ (1992) Fungal biodegradation of lignopolystyrene graft copolymers. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:3225–3232
Mitchell R, Maki JS (1989) Microbial surface films and their influence on larval settlement and metamorphosis in the marine environment. In: Thompson MF, Sarojini R, Nagabhushanam R (eds) Marine biodeterioration: advanced techniques applicable to the Indian Ocean. Oxford & IBH, New Delhi, pp 489–497
Mitchell R, Gu JD, Roman M, Soulkup S (1996) Hazards to space missions from microbial biofilms. In: Sand W (ed) Biodeterioration and biodegradation. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Frankfurt, DECHEMA Monographs, vol 133, pp 3–16
Mitchell R, Gu J-D (2000) Changes in the biofilm microflora of limestone caused by atmospheric pollutants. Int Biodeter Biodegr 46:299–303
Mittelman MW, Geesey G (1985) Copper-binding characteristics of exopolymers from a freshwater-sediment bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 49:846–851
Mittelman MW (1995) Biofilm development in purified water systems. In: Lappin-Scott HM, Costerton JW (eds) Microbial biofilms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 133–147
Mittelman MW, Danko JC (1995) Corrosion of a concrete dam structure: evidence of microbially influenced corrosion activity. In: Angell P et al (eds) 1995 International conference on microbial influenced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX, pp 15/1–15/7
Mittelman MW (1996) Adhesion to biomaterials. In: Fletcher M (ed) Bacterial adhesion: molecular and ecological diversity. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 89–127
Mitton B, Ford TE, LaPointe E, Mitchell R (1993) Biodegradation of complex polymeric materials. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston
Mitton DB, Latanison RM, Bellucci F (1996) The effects of post-cure annealing on the protective properties of polyimides on chromium substrates. J Electrochem Soc 143:3307–3316
Mitton DB, Toshima S, Latanison RM, Bellucci F, Ford TE, Gu J-D, Mitchell R (1998) Biodegradation of polymer-coated metallic substrates. In: Bierwagen GP (ed) Organic coatings for corrosion control, vol 689. ACS Symp. Ser, ACS Washington, DC, pp 211–222
Moat AG, Foster JW (1988) Growth and its regulation. In: Moat AG, Foster JW, Spector MP, Sector MP (eds) Microbial physiology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 523–578
Moore L, Postle M (1994) Risk-benefit analysis and case study on tributyl tin. Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:401–412
Moosavi AN, Dawson JL, King RA (1986) The effect of sulfate-reducing bacteria on the corrosion of reinforced concrete. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 291–308
Morton RL, Yanko WA, Graham DW, Arnold RG (1991) Relationships between metal concentrations and crown corrosion in Los Angeles County sewers. Res J WPCF 63:779–798
Murray FES, Mitchell R, Ford T (1993) In: Experimental methods for the study of microbial mediated corrosion. NACE International, Houston
Myers T (1988) Failing the test: germicides or use dilution methodology? ASM News 54:19–21
Nakagawa H, Akihawa S, Suenaga T, Taniguchi Y, Yoda K (1993) Fiber reinforced concrete: developments and application to buildings. Adv Composite Mat 3:123–131
Nakajima-Kambe T, Onuma F, Kimpara N, Nakahara T (1995) Isolation and characterization of a bacterium which utilizes polyester polyurethane as a sole carbon and energy source. FEMS Microbiol Lett 129:39–42
Nakanishi K, Marui M, Yasui T (1992) Comparison of xylan and methyl β-xyloside-induced xylanases from Streptomyces sp. J Ferment Bioeng 74:392–394
Nakayama K, Saito T, Fukui Y, Shirakura Y, Tomita K (1985) Purification and properties of extracellular poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerases from Pseudomonas lemoignei. Biochim Biophys Acta 827:63–72
Narayan R (1993) Biodegradation of polymeric materials (anthropogenic macromolecules) during composting. In: Hoitink HAJ, Keener HM (eds) Science and engineering of composting: design, environmental, microbiological and utilization aspects. Renaissance, Worthington, pp 339–362
Nefedov Y, Novikova ND, Surovezhin IN (1988) Products of biodegradation of polymers as a factor in the possible pollution of the air of hermetically sealed environments with toxic substances (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 22:67–71
Neu T (1996) Significance of bacterial surface-active compounds in interaction of bacteria with interfaces. Microbiol Rev 60:151–166
Nieboer E, Gibson BL, Oxman AD, Kramer JR (1995) Health effects of aluminum: a critical review with emphasis on aluminum in drinking water. Environ Rev 3:29–81
Nielsen PH, Lee W, Lewandowshi Z, Morison M, Characklis WG (1993) Corrosion of mild steel in an alternating oxic and anoxic biofilm system. Biofouling 7:267–284
Novikova ND, Zalogoyev SN (1985) Formation of volatile substances during polymer destruction by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19:74–76
Novikova ND, Orlova MI, Dyachenko MB (1986) Reproductive capacity of microflora on polymers used in sealed environments (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 20:71–73
Nozhevnikova AN, Kotsyurbenko OR, Simankova MV (1994) Acetogenesis. In: Drake HL (ed) Acetogenesis at low temperature. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 416–431
NRC (National Research Council) (1987) Agenda for advancing electrochemical corrosion science and technology. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, Publication NMAB438-2 87–96
Odian G (1991) Reactions of polymers. In: Odian G (ed) Principles of polymerization, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 691–745
Odom JM (1993) Industrial and environmental activities of sulfate-reducing bacteria. In: Odom JM, Singleton R Jr (eds) The sulfate-reducing bacteria: contemporary perspectives. Springer, New York, pp 189–210
Odom JM, Singleton R Jr (1993) The sulfate-reducing bacteria: contemporary perspectives. Springer, New York, p 289
Olesen BH, Avci R, Lewandowski Z (1998) Ennoblement of stainless steel studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. NACE International, Houston TX Corrosion
Olmstead WM, Hamlin H (1900) Converting portions of the Los Angles outfall sewer into a septic tank. Engin 1199 News 44:317–318
Ortega-Calvo JJ, Hernandez-Marine M, Saiz-Jimenez C (1991) Biodeterioration of building materials by cyanobacteria and algae. Int Biodeter 28:165–185
Ortega-Calvo JJ, Sanchez-Castillo PM, Hernandez-Marine M, Saiz-Jimenez C (1993) Isolation and characterization of epilithic chlorophytes and cyanobacteria from two Spanish cathedrals (Salamanca and Toledo). Nova Hedwigia 57:239–253
Ortega-Calvo JJ, Arino X, Hernandez-Marine M, Saiz-Jimenez C (1995) Factors affecting the weathering and colonization of monuments by phototrophic microorganisms. Sci Total Environ 167:329–341
Ortega-Morales O, Hernandez-Duque G, Borges-Gomez L, Guezennec J (1999) Characterization of epilithic microbial communities associated with Mayan stone monuments in Yucatan, Mexico. Geomicrobiol J 16:221–232
Osswald P, Courtes R, Bauda P, Block JC, Bryers JD, Sunde E (1995) Xenobiotic biodegradation test using attached bacteria in synthetic seawater. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety 31:211–217
O′Toole G, Kaplan HB, Kolter R (2000) Biofilm formation as microbial development. Ann Rev Microbiol 54:49–79
Pace NR (1997) A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. Science 276:734–740
Padival NA, Weiss JS, Arnold RG (1995) Control of Thiobacillus by means of microbial competition: Implications for corrosion of concrete sewers. Water Environ Res 67:201–205
Paradies HH, Haenßel I, Fisher W, Wagner D (1990) Microbial induced corrosion of copper pipes. New York, INCRA Report No. 444 16
Paradies HH (1995) Chemical and physical aspects of metal biofilms. In: Gaylarde CC, Videla HA (eds) Bioextraction and biodeterioration. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 197–269
Parikh M, Gross RA, McCarthy SP (1993) The effect of crystalline morphology on enzymatic degradation kinetics. In: Kaplan D, Thomas E, Ching C (eds) Fundamentals of biodegradable materials and packaging. Technomic, Lancaster, pp 159–170
Parker CD (1945a) The corrosion of concrete. 1: the isolation of a species of bacterium associated with the corrosion of concrete exposed to atmospheres containing hydrogen sulphide. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 23:81–90
Parker CD (1945b) The corrosion of concrete. 2: the function of Thiobacillus concretivorus (nov. spec.) in the corrosion of concrete exposed to atmospheres containing hydrogen sulphide. Aust J Exp Biol Med Sci 23:91–98
Parker CD (1947) Species of sulfur bacteria associated with the corrosion of concrete. Nature (Lond) 159:439
Parker CD, Prisk A (1953) The oxidation of inorganic compounds of sulphur by various sulphur bacteria. J Gen Microbiol 8:344–364
Parker CD, Jackson D (1965) The microbial flora of concrete surfaces. Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion of Concrete Sewers Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works, Melbourne, Australia Technical Paper No. A8, Part 6, pp 1–29
Pedersen K (1996) Investigations of subterranean bacteria in deep crystalline bedrock and their importance for the disposal of nuclear waste. Can J Microbiol 42:382–391
Pendyala J, Avci R, Geesey GG, Stoodley P, Hamilton M, Harkin G (1996) Chemical effect of biofilm colonization on 304 stainless steel. J Vac Sci Technol A14:1955–1760
Peng C-G, Park JK (1994) Principal factors affecting microbiologically influenced corrosion of carbon steel. Corrosion 50:669–675
Pierson DL, Mishra SK (1992) Microbiological challenges of space habitation. 43rd congress of the international astronautical confederation congress, Washington, DC
Pierson BK, Parenteau MN (2000) Phototrophs in high iron microbial mats: microstructure of mats in iron-depositing hot springs. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 32:181–196
Piervittori R, Salvadori O, Laccisaglia A (1994) Literature on lichens and biodeterioration of stonework I. Lichenologist 26:171–192
Pitt CG (1992) Non-microbial degradation of polyesters: mechanisms and modifications. In: Vert M, Feijen J, Albertsson A, Scott G, Chiellini E (eds) Biodegradable polymers and plastics. Royal Society for Chemistry/Redwood Press, Melksham, pp 7–17
Pometto AL III, Lee B, Johnson KE (1992) Production of an extracellular polyethylene-degrading enzyme(s) by Streptomyces species. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:731–733
Pometto AL III, Johnson KE, Kim M (1993) Pure-culture and enzymatic assay for starch-polyethylene degradable plastic biodegradation with Streptomyces species. J Environ Polym Degr 1:213–221
Pope DH, Duquette D, Wayner Jr. PC, Johannes AH (1989) In: Microbiologically influenced corrosion: a state-of-the-art review, 2nd edn. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX MTI Publication No. 13 4 1–3
Postgate JR (1984) The sulfate-reducing bacteria, 2nd edn. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 132–152
Potekhina JS, Sherisheva NG, Povetkina LP, Pospelov AP, Rakitina TA, Warnecke F, Gottschalk G (1999) Role of microorganisms in corrosion inhibition of metals in aquatic habitats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:639–646
Power K, Marshall KC (1988) Cellular growth and reproduction of marine bacteria on surface-bound substrate. Biofouling 1:163–174
Prieto B, Rivas T, Silva B, Carballal R, Lopez de Silanes ME (1995) Colonization by lichens of granite dolments in Galicia (NW Spain). Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:47–60
Pyle BH, Broadaway SC, McFeters GA (1992) Efficacy of copper and silver ions with iodine in the inactivation of Pseudomonas cepacia. J Appl Bacteriol 72:71–79
Raychaudhuri S, Sutphin PD, Chang JT, Altman RB (2001) Basic microarray analysis: grouping and feature reduction. Trends Biotechnol 19:189–193
Reese ET (1957) Biological degradation of cellulose derivatives. Ind Engin Chem 49:89–93
Reinsel MA, Sears JT, Stewart PS, Mclnerney MJ (1996) Control of microbial souring by nitrate, nitrite or glutaraldehyde injection in a sandstone column. J Ind Microbiol 17:128–136
Rethke D (1994) Testing of Russian ECLSS-Sabatier and potable water processor Intersociety Conference on Environmental Systems Friedrichschafen Germany SAE Technical Paper 941252, ICES
Reynolds TB, Fink GR (2001) Baker’s yeast, a model for fungal biofilm formation. Science 291:878–881
Rijnaarts HHM, Norde W, Bouwer EJ, Lyklema J, Zehnder AJB (1993) Bacterial adhesion under static and dynamic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3255–3265
Rittman BE (1993) The significance of biofilms in porous media. Water Res Rev 29:2195–2202
Rittschof D, Maki J, Mitchell R, Costlow JD (1986) Ion and neuropharmacological studies of barnacle settlement Netherlands. J Sea Res 20:269–275
Roe FL, Lewandowshi Z, Funk T (1996) Simulation microbiologically influenced corrosion by depositing extracellular biopolymers on mild steel surfaces. Corrosion 52:744–752
Rogers J, Dowsett AB, Dennis PJ, Lee JV, Keevil CW (1994) Influence of plumbing materials on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in potable water systems. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1842–1851
Rölleke S, Witte A, Wanner G, Lubitz W (1998) Medieval wall paintings – a habitat for archaea: identification of archaea by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified gene fragments coding for 16S rRNA in a medieval wall painting. Int Biodeter Biodegr 41:85–92
Ross J (1994) An aquatic invader is running amok in U.S. waterways. Smithsonian 24:40–51
Rossmoore HW, Rossmoore LA (1993) MIC in metalworking processes and hydraulic systems. In: Kobrin G (ed) A practical manual on microbiologically influenced corrosion. NACE International, Houston, pp 31–40
Saito H, Miyata Y, Takazawa H, Takai K, Yamauchi G (1995) Corrosion rate measurements of steel in carbonated concrete. NACE International, Houston TX, Corrosion
Saito T, Suzuki K, Yamamoto J, Fukui T, Miwa K, Tomita K, Nakanishi S, Odani S, Suzuki J-I, Ishikawa K (1989) Cloning, nucleotide sequence, and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene for poly-3-hydroxybutyrate depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis. J Bacteriol 171:184–189
Saiz-Jimenez C (1995) Deposition of anthropogenic compounds on monuments and their effect on airborne microorganisms. Aerobiologia 11:161–175
Saiz-Jimenez C (1997) Biodeterioration vs biodegradation: the role of microorganisms in the removal of pollutants deposited on historic buildings. Int Biodeter Biodegr 40:225–232
Sakaguchi T, Burgess JG, Matsunaga T (1993) Magnetite formation by a sulphate-reducing bacterium. Nature (Lond) 253:47–49
Salama N, Guillemin K, McDaniel TK, Sherlock G, Tompkins L, Falkow S (2000) A whole-genome microarray reveals genetic diversity among Helicobacter pylori strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:14668–14673
Sánchez A, Ballester A, Blázquez ML, González F, Muñoz J, Hammaini A (1999) Biosorption of copper and zinc by Cymodocea nodosa. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:527–536
Sand W, Milde K, Bock E (1983) Simulation of concrete corrosion in a strictly controlled H2S breeding chamber. In: Rossi G, Torma AE (eds) Recent progress in biohydrometallurgy associazione mineraria. Sarda, Italy, pp 667–677
Sand W, Bock E (1984) Concrete corrosion in the Hamburg sewer system. Environ Technol Lett 5:517–528
Sand W (1987) Importance of hydrogen sulfide, thiosulfate and methylmercaptan for growth of thiobacilli during simulation of concrete corrosion. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:1645–1648
Sand W, Bock E, White DC (1987) Biotest system for rapid evaluation of concrete resistance to sulfur-oxidizing bacteria. Mat Perf 26:14–17
Sand W, Ahlers B, Bock E (1991) The impact of microorganisms –– especially nitric acid producing bacteria – on the deterioration of natural stones. In: Baer NS, Sabbioni C, Sors AI (eds) Science, technology and European cultural heritage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp 481–484
Sand W (1997) Microbial mechanisms of deterioration of inorganic substrates – a general mechanistic overview. Int Biodeter Biodegr 40:183–190
Sandaa R-A, Enger O, Torsvik V (1999) Abundance and diversity of Archaea in heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:3293–3297
Sanders PF, Hamilton WA (1986) Biological and corrosion activities of sulphate-reducing bacteria in industrial process plant. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 47–68
Santini JM, Sly LI, Schnagi RD, Macy JM (2000) A new chemolithoautotrophic arsenite-oxidizing bacterium isolated from a gold mine: phylogenetic, physiological, and preliminary biochemical studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 66:92–97
Scamans GM, Hunter JA, Holroyd NJH (1989) A surface-engineering approach to the corrosion aluminum. Treat Mater Sci Technol 31:485–500
Schembri MA, Kjærgaard K, Klemm P (1999) Bioaccumulation of heavy metals by fimbrial designer adhesins. FEMS Microbiol Lett 170:363–371
Schink B, Stieb M (1983) Fermentative degradation of polyethylene glycol by a strictly anaerobic, Gram-negative, nonsporeforming bacterium, Pelobacter venetianus sp. nov. Appl Environ Microbiol 45:1905–1913
Schmidt EL (1982) Nitrification in soil. In: Stevenson FJ (ed) Nitrogen in agricultural soils. Soil Science Society of America, vol 22, Agronomy Monograph. Madison, pp 253–288
Schmidt R (1997) Monte Carlo simulation of bioadhesion. Int Biodeter Biodegr 40:29–36
Schmidtt CR (1986) Anomalous microbiological tuberculation and aluminum pitting corrosion – case histories. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX, pp 69–75
Schüler D, Frankel RB (1999) Bacterial magnetosomes: microbiology, biomineralization and biotechnological applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 52:464–473
Schultzen-Lam S, Harauz G, Beveridge TJ (1992) Participation of a cyanobacterial S layer in fine-grain mineral formation. J Bacteriol 174:7971–7981
Selwitz CM (1992) The use of epoxy resins in field projects for stone stabilization. Mat Res Soc Symp Proc 267:925–934
Sequeira CAC, Tiller AK (1988) Microbial corrosion, vol 1. Elsevier Science, London/New York, pp 34–36
Severini F, Gallo R, Ipsale S (1988) Environmental degradation of polypropylene. Polym Degr Stab 22:185–194
Sharp RR, Bryers JB, Jones WG, Shields MS (1998) Activity and stability of a recombinant plasmid-borne TCE degradative pathway in suspended cultures. Biotechnol Bioeng 57:287–296
Siedlarek H, Wagner D, Fischer WR, Paradies HH (1994) Microbiologically influenced corrosion of copper: the ionic transport properties of biopolymers. Corrosion Sci 36:1751–1763
Sneath PHA, Mair NS, Sharpe ME, Holt JG (1986) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys
Sneider RP, Chadwick BR, Pembrey R, Jankowski J, Acworth I (1994) Retention of the Gram-negative bacterium SW8 on surfaces under conditions relevant to the subsurface environment: effects of conditioning films and substratum nature. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 14:243–254
Solomin GI (1985) Problem of combined toxicological and hygienic evaluation of polymer construction materials (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19:4–11
Somlev V, Tishkov S (1994) Anaerobic corrosion and bacterial sulfate reduction: application for the purification of industrial wastewater. Geomicrobiology 12:53–60
Sonne-Hansen J, Mathrani IM, Ahring BK (1993) Xylanolytic anaerobic thermophiles from Icelandic hot-springs. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 38:537–541
Srinivasan R, Stewart PS, Griebe T, Chen C-I (1995) Biofilm parameters influencing biocide efficacy. Biotechnol Bioeng 46:553–560
Staley JT, Bryant MP, Pfenning N, Holt JG (1989) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys
Starkey RL (1986) Anaerobic corrosion – perspectives about causes. In: Dexter SC (eds) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX, pp 3–7
Stenbüchel A (1991) Polyhydroxyalkanoic acids. In: Byrom D (ed) Biomaterials: novel materials from biological sources. Macmillan, New York, pp 127–213
Stern RV, Howard GT (2000) The polyester polyurethanase gene (pue A) from Pseudomonas chlororaphis encodes a lipase. FEMS Microbiol Lett 185:163–168
Sternberg D, Vigayakumar P, Reese ET (1977) β-glucosidase: microbial production and effect on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. Can J Microbiol 23:139–147
Stewart PS (1996) Theoretical aspects of antibiotic diffusion into microbial biofilms. Antmicrob Agents Chemother 40:2517–2522
Stewart PS, Hamilton MA, Goldstein BR, Schneider BT (1996) Modeling biocide action against biofilms. Biotechnol Bioeng 49:445–455
Stolz JF, Oremland RS (1999) Bacterial respiration of arsenic and selenium. FEMS Microbiol Rev 23:615–627
Stoodley P, DeBeer D, Lappin-Scott HM (1997) Influence of electric fields and pH on biofilm structure as related to the bioelectric effect. Antmicrob Agents Chemother 41:1876–1879
Stranger-Joannesen M, Sorheim R, Zanotti D, Bichi A (1993) The ESA-LPTO simulation campaigns: microbial contamination of the closed manned habitats. 44th congress of the international astronautical confederation congress, IAF/IAA-93-G.4.162 Graz Austria
Stroes-Gascoyne S, Pedersen K, Daumas S, Hamon CJ, Haveman SA, Delaney TL, Ekendahl S, Jahromi N, Arlinger J, Hallbeck L, Dekeyser K (1996) Microbial analysis of the buffer/container experiment at AECL’s Underground Research Laboratory Whiteshell Laboratories, Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd Pinawa Manitoba, Canada AECL-11436, pp 1–219
Stuart ES, Lenz RW, Fuller RC (1995) The ordered macromolecular surface of polyester inclusion bodies in Pseudomonas oleovorans. Can J Microbiol 41(Suppl):84–93
Stumm W, Morgan JJ (1996) Oxidation and reduction, equilibria and microbial mediation. In: Stumm W, Morgan JJ (eds) Aquatic chemistry: chemical equilibria and rates in natural waters, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 425–515
Suci PA, Vrany JD, Mittelamn MW (1998) Investigation of interactions between antimicrobial agents and bacterial biofilms using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biomaterials 19:327–339
Sugio T, Hirayama K, Inagaki K, Tanaka H, Tano T (1992) Molybdenum oxidation by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Appl Environ Microbiol 58:1768–1771
Sugio T, Tsujita Y, Katagiri T, Inagaki K, Tano T (1988) Reduction of Mo6+ with elemental sulfur by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. J Bacteriol 170:5956–5959
Sullivan BK, Oviatt CA, Klein-MacPhee G (1993) Fate and effects of a starch-based biodegradable plastic substitute in the marine environment. In: Kaplan D, Thomas E, Ching C (eds) Fundamentals of biodegradable materials and packaging. Technomic, Lancaste, pp 281–296
Sunesson A, Vaes WHJ, Nilsson C, Blomouist G, Andersson B, Carlson R (1995) Identification of volatile metabolites from five fungal species cultivated on two media. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2911–2918
Swift MJ, Heal OW, Anderson JM (1979) Decomposer organisms. Decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems: studies in ecology, vol 5. Blackwell Scientific, London, pp 66–117
Szycher M (1989) Medical-grade polyurethanes: their crucial role in artificial hearts. In: Hanker JS, Giammara BL (eds) Biomedical materials and devices materials, vol 110. Research Society, Pittsburgh, pp 41–50
Tall BD, Williams HN, George KS, Gray RT, Walch M (1995) Bacterial succession within a biofilm in water supply lines of dental air-water syringes. Can J Microbiol 41:647–654
Tanio T, Fukui T, Saito T, Tomita K, Kaiho T, Masamune S (1982) An extracellular poly(β-hydroxybutyrate) depolymerase from Alcaligenes faecalis. Eur J Biochem 124:71–77
Tatnall RE (1986) Experimental methods in biocorrosion. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX, pp 246–253
Tayler S, May E (1991) The seasonality of heterotrophic bacteria on sandstones of ancient monuments. Int Biodeter 28:49–64
Tayler S, May E (1994) Detection of specific bacteria on stone using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Int Biodeter Biodegr 33:155–167
Tebo BM, Obraztsova AY (1998) Sulfate-reducing bacterium grows with Cr(VI), U(VI), Mn(IV) and Fe(III) as electron acceptors. FEMS Microbiol Lett 162:193–198
Thorp KEG, Crasto AS, Gu JD, Mitchell R (1994) Biodegradation of composite materials. In: Naguy T (ed) Proceedings of the tri-service conference on corrosion. US Government Printing House, Washington, DC, pp 303–314
Thorp KEG, Crasto AS, Gu JD, Mitchell R (1997) Contribution of microorganisms to corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX Corrosion
Tiano P (1993) Biodeterioration of stone monuments: a critical review. In: Garg KL, Garg N, Mukerji KG (eds) Recent advances in biodeterioration and biodegradation. Naya Prokash, Calcutta, pp 301–321
Tiano P, Accolla P, Tomaselli L (1995) Phototrophic biodeteriogens on lithoid surfaces: an ecological study. Microb Ecol 29:299–309
Tilstra L, Johnsonbaugh D (1993) A test method to determine rapidly if polymers are biodegradable. J Environ Polym Degr 1:247–255
Tomaselli L, Lamenti G, Bosco M, Tiano P (2000) Biodiversity of photosynthetic micro-organisms dwelling on stone monuments. Int Biodeter Biodegr 46:251–258
Tomei FA, Maki JS, Mitchell R (1985) Interactions in syntrophic associations of endospore-forming, butyrate-degrading bacteria and H2-consuming bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 50:1244–1250
Torre MAD, Gómez-Alarcón G, Melgarejo P, Lorenzo J (1991) Fungal colonization of the Salamanca cathedral sandstones: some patterns of degradation. In: Baer NS, Sabbioni C, Sors AI (eds) Science, technology and european cultural heritage. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, pp 511–514
Torre MAD, Gómez-Alarcón G, Palacios JM (1993a) ‘In vitro’ biofilm formation by Penicillium frequentans strains on sandstone, granite, and limestone. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 40:408–415
Torre MADL, Gómez-Alarcón G, Vizcaino G, Garcia MT (1993b) Biochemical mechanisms of stone alteration carried out by filamentous fungi living in monuments. Biogeochemistry 19:129–147
Torres-Sanchez R, Magana-Vazquez A, Sanchez-Yanez JM, Gomez LM (1997) High temperature microbial corrosion in the condenser of a geothermal electric power unit. Mat Perf 36:43–46
Törrönen A, Kubicek CP, Henrissat B (1993) Amino acid sequence similarities between low molecular weight endo-1,4-β-xylanases and family H cellulases revealed by clustering analysis. FEBS Lett 321:135–139
Tsao R, Anderson TA, Coats JR (1993) The influence of soil macroinvertebrates on primary biodegradation of starch-containing polyethylene films. J Environ Polym Degr 1:301–306
Uhlig HH (1971) Corrosion and corrosion control. Wiley, New York
Uhlig HH, Revie RW (1985) Corrosion and corrosion control: an introduction to corrosion science and engineering, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Urzì C, Realini M (1998) Colour changes of Noto's calcareous sandstone as related to its colonization by microorganisms. Int Biodeter Biodegr 42:45–54
Vaidya RU, Butt DP, Hersman LE, Zurek AK (1997) Effect of microbiologically influenced corrosion on the tensile stress-stain response of aluminum and alumina-particle reinforced aluminum composite. Corrosion 53:136–141
Vandevivere P, Kirchman DL (1993) Attachment stimulates exopolysaccharide synthesis by a bacterium. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:3280–3286
Vandevivere P (1995) Bacterial clogging of porous media: a new modelling approach. Bifouling 8:281–291
van Loosdrecht MCM, Lyklema J, Norde W, Schraa G, Zehnder AJB (1987) The role of bacterial cell wall hydrophobicity in adhesion. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:1893–1897
van Loosdrecht MCM, Lyklema J, Norde W, Schraa G, Zehnder AJB (1990) Influence of interfaces on microbial activity. Microbiol Rev 54:75–87
van Westing EPM, Ferrari GM, De Witt JHW (1994) The determination of coating performance with impedance measurements. II: water uptake of coatings. Corrosion Sci 36:957–977
Verbicky JW (1988) Polyimides. In: Encyclopedia of polymer science and engineering, vol 12. Wiley, New York, pp 364–383
Verbiest T, Burland DM, Jurich MC, Lee VY, Miller RD, Volksen W (1995) Exceptionally thermally stable polyimides for second-order nonlinear optical applications. Science 268:1604–1606
Videla HA (1996) Corrosion inhibition by bacteria. In: Videla HA, Fred Wilkes J, Silva RA (eds) Manual of biocorrosion. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 121–136
Viktorov AN, Novikova ND (1985) Distinctions in formation of microflora on construction materials used in habitable pressurized compartments (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19:66–69
Viktorov AN, IIyin VK (1992) The actual problems of microbiological control in regenerative life support systems exploration. 43rd congress of the international astronautical confederation congress, IAF/IAA-92-0277, Washington, DC
Viktorov AN, Ilyin VK, Syniak J (1993) The problems of microbial safety in regenerative life support systems exploration. 44th congress of the international astronautical confederation congress, IAF/IAA-93-G.4.161 Graza Austria
Viktorov AN (1994) The characteristics of interaction between normal and conventionally pathogenic human microflora in different types of closed objects. 45th Congress of the International Astronautical Confederation Congress, IAF/IAA-94-5.165 Jerusalem Israel
von Wolzogen Kuhr CAH, van der Vlugt IS (1934) The graphitization of cast iron as an electrochemical process in anaerobic soils. Water (The Hague) 18:147–165
Wächtershäuser G (1988) Before enzymes and templates: theory of surface metabolism. Microbiol Rev 52:452–484
Wagner PA, Ray RI (1994) Surface analytical techniques for microbiologically influenced corrosion—a review. In: Kearns JR, Little BJ (eds) Microbiologically influenced corrosion testing. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia PA, ASTM STP 1232, pp 153–169
Wagner P (1995) Microbial degradation of stressed fiber reinforced polymeric composites. NACE International, Houston TX Corrosion
Wagner P, Ray R, Hart K, Little B (1996) Microbiological degradation of stressed fiber-reinforced polymeric composites. Mat Perf 35:79–82
Wakefield RD (1997) Masonry biocides: assessments of efficacy and effects on stone. Scottish Soc Conserv Restor 5–11
Walch M, Mitchell R (1986) Microbial influence on hydrogen uptake by metals. In: Dexter SC (eds) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX, pp 201–209
Walch M, Ford TE, Mitchell R (1989) Influence of hydrogen-producing bacteria on hydrogen uptake by steel. Corrosion 45:705–709
Walch M (1992) Corrosion, microbial. In: Lederberg J (ed) Encyclopedia of microbiology, vol 1. Academic, San Diego, pp 585–591
Wang P-C, Mori T, Komori K, Sasatsu M, Toda K, Ohtake H (1989) Isolation and characterization of an Enterobacter cloacae strain that reduces hexavalent chromium under anaerobic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:1665–1669
Wang C-C, Fan S-J, Wang SJ, Zhang MG (1991) Research on powdery corrosion of the serials bells from Cai Hou Tomb. Sci China (Ser B) 34:522–529
Wang C-C, Wu Y-S, Fan C-Z, Wang SJ, Hua YM (1993) Formation mechanism of particulates in the surface layer of Bronze Mirror Chinese. Sci Bull 38:429–432
Wang J-S (1996) Hydrogen induced embrittlement and the effect of the mobility of hydrogen atoms. In: Thompson AW, Moody NR (eds) Hydrogen effects in materials the minerals, metals and materials. Society, Warrendale PA, pp 61–75
Warcheid T, Oelting M, Krumbein WE (1991) Physico-chemical aspects of biodeterioration processes on rocks with special regard to organic pollutants. Int Biodeter 28:37–48
Weimer PL, van Kavelaar MJ, Michel CB, Ng TK (1988) Effect of phosphate on the corrosion of carbon steel and on the composition of corrosion products in two-stage continuous cultures of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans. Appl Environ Microbiol 54:386–396
Westlake DWS, Semple KM, Obuekwe CO (1986) Corrosion by ferric iron-reducing bacteria isolated from oil production systems. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion: proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston TX, pp 193–200
White DC, Nivens DE, Geesey GG, Clarke CK (1986) Role of aerobic bacteria and their extracellular polymers in the facilitation of corrosion: use of Fourier transforming infrared spectroscopy and ‘signature’ phospholipid fatty acid analysis. In: Dexter SC (ed) Biologically induced corrosion. Proceedings of the international conference on biologically induced corrosion. National Association of Corrosion Engineers, Houston, pp 233–243
Whitfield C (1988) Bacterial extracellular polysaccharides. Can J Microbiol 34:415–420
Widdel F (1988) Microbiology and ecology of sulfate-and sulfite-reducing bacteria. In: Zehnder AJB (ed) Biology of anaerobic microorganisms. Wiley, New York, pp 469–585
Widdel F (1992) Microbial corrosion. In: Finn RF, Prave P, Schlingmann M, Crueger W, Esser K, Thauer R, Wagner F (eds) Biotechnology focus, vol 3. Hanser, Munich, pp 261–300
Wiencek KM, Fletcher M (1995) Bacterial adhesion to hydroxyl-and methyl-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer. J Bacteriol 177:1959–1966
Wilkinson JF, Stark GH (1956) The synthesis of polysaccharide by washed suspensions of Klebsiella aerogenes. Proc Roy Phys Soc Edinburgh 25:35–39
Williams ST, Sharpe ME, Holt JG (1989) Bergey’s manual of systematic bacteriology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, http://www.cme.msu.edu/bergeys
Williams V, Fletcher M (1996) Pseudomonas fluorescens adhesion and transport through porous media are affected by lipopolysaccharide composition. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:100–104
Williamson PR (1994) The screening of sponge extracts for antifouling activity using a bioassay with laboratory-reared cyprid larvae of the barnacle Balanus amphitrite. Int Biodeter Biodegr 34:361–373
Williamson PR, Wakamatsu K, Ito S (1998) Melanin biosynthesis in Cryptococcus neoformans. J Bacteriol 180:1570–1572
Wimpenny JWT, Colasanti R (1997) A unifying hypothesis for the structure of microbial biofilm based on cellular automaton models. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 22:1–6
Wirsen CO, Jannasch HW (1993) Microbial degradation of a starch-based biopolymer in the marine environment. In: Kaplan D, Thomas E, Ching C (eds) Fundamentals of biodegradable materials and packaging. Technomic, Lancaster, pp 297–310
Woese CR, Olsen GJ (1986) Archaebacterial phylogeny: perspectives on the Urkingdoms System. Appl Microbiol 7:161–177
Woese CR (1987) Microbial evolution. Microbiol Rev 51:221–171
Woese CR (1990) Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:4576–4579
Woese CR (1998) Default taxonomy: Ernest Mayr’s view of the microbial world. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:11043–11046
Wolfaardt GM, Lawrence JR, Robarts RD, Caldwell SJ, Caldwell DE (1994) Multicellular organization in a degradative biofilm community. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:434–446
Wong KKY, Tan LUL, Saddler JN (1988) Multiplicity of β-1,4-xylanase in microorganisms: function and applications. Microbiol Rev 52:305–317
Wu Y-S, Wang C-S, Fan C-Z, Wang S-J, Li Z-C (1992) A study on corrosion-resistance mechanism of the ancient mirror ‘Hei Qi Gu’. Acta Phys Sinica 41:170–176
Xu X, Stewart PS, Chen X (1996) Transport limitation of chlorine disinfection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa entrapped in alginate beads. Biotechnol Bioeng 49:93–100
Yao Y, Li Y (1995) Research and development of concrete admixtures. Chinese J Mat Res 9(Suppl):381–390
Yoshizako F, Nishimura A, Chubachi M (1992) Microbial reduction of cyclohexanone by Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Chick J Ferment Bioeng 74:395–397
Young GH (1948) Anti-fouling measures. In: Uhlig HH (ed) The corrosion handbook. Wiley, New York, pp 441–446
Young LL, Cerniglia CE (1995) Microbial transformation and degradation of toxic organic chemicals. Wiley-Liss, New York
Yu FP, McFeters GA (1994) Physiological responses of bacteria in biofilms to disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2462–2466
Yue S, Pilliar RM, Weatherly GC (1984) The fatigue strength of porous-coated Ti-6%Al-4%V implant alloy. J Biomed Mat Res 18:1043–1058
Zachary A, Taylor ME, Scott FE, Colwell RR (1980) Marine microbial colonization on material surfaces. In: Oxley TA, Becker G, Allsopp D (eds) Biodeterioration: proceedings of the 4th international biodeterioration symposium. Pitman, London, pp 171–177
Zaloguyev SN (1985) Results of microbiological studies conducted during operation of Salyut-6 orbital space station (in Russian) Kosmicheskaya Biologiya i Aviakosmicheskaya Medistina 19:64–66
Zavarzin GA, Zhilina TN, Pusheva MA (1994) Halophilic acetogenic bacteria. In: Drake HL (ed) Acetogenesis. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 432–444
Zehnder AJB, Stumm W (1988) Geochemistry and biochemistry of anaerobic habitats. In: Zehnder AJB (ed) Biology of anaerobic microorganisms. Wiley, New York, pp 1–38
Zhou Z, Brown N (1995) Slow crack growth in polyethylene gas pipes and resins. Chinese J Mat Res 9(Suppl):463–472
Zinder SH (1993) Physiological ecology of methanogens. In: Ferry JG (ed) Methanogenesis: ecology, physiology, biochemistry and genetics. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 128–206
Zuo J, Xu C, Liu X, Wang C (1994) Study of the Raman spectrum of nanometer SnO2. J Appl Phys 75:1835–1836
Zyska B (1996) Performance of paper in Polish books of the period 1900–1994. Restaurator 17:214–228
Acknowledgments
Preparation of this manuscript was partially supported by the “One-Hundred Talent Project” of the Chinese Academy of Sciences to J.-D.G. This work was also supported in part by grants No. BES-990 6337 from the U.S. Natural Parks Service, National Center for the Preservation Technology and Training to Harvard University. We would like to thank Jessie Lai and Yanzhen Fan for the digitalization of images and Yanzhen Fan for preparation of the references.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
Gu, JD., Mitchell, R. (2013). Biodeterioration. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31331-8_31
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31331-8_31
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-31330-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-31331-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences