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The Prokaryotes pp 295–307Cite as

Bioremediation

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Abstract

Bioremediation is the use of biological systems, usually microorganisms, to treat polluted soils and water. Optimization of bioremediation processes generally requires the addition of inorganic materials (biostimulation), such as utilizable sources of nitrogen, phosphorus, and oxygen. Generally, appropriate microorganisms are present in the polluted material and do not have to be added. However, occasionally natural or genetically engineered microbes may need to be added (bioaugmentation). Treatments can be either ex situ or in situ. The technology can involve aerobic and/or anaerobic bioreactors, biofiltration, air sparging, bioventing, composting, landfarming, and biopiles. Intrinsic remediation refers to the combined effects of all natural processes in contaminated environments that reduce the mobility, mass, and risks of pollutants. The limitations of bioremediation are discussed, including the treatment of petroleum pollution in the sea.

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Phytoremediation

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Biotechnology Institute, University of Idaho, 3087, Moscow, ID, USA

    Ronald L. Crawford

  2. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Dr. Eugene Rosenberg

Authors
  1. Ronald L. Crawford
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  2. Dr. Eugene Rosenberg
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Eugene Rosenberg

  2. Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA

    Edward F. DeLong

  3. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Stephen Lory

  4. Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany

    Erko Stackebrandt

  5. Laboratory of Microbiology, Institute of Biology, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Fabiano Thompson

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Crawford, R.L., Rosenberg, E. (2013). Bioremediation. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31331-8_30

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