Abstract
Dinitrogen fixation is a key process in the N cycle and only carried out by few prokaryotes. Research on dinitrogen fixation includes basic and practical applications: from nif genes to crops, with molecular, genetic, ecological, taxonomic, and agricultural approaches used. Nitrogen fixing rhizobia, which have been used in agriculture for over a 100 years, are excellent research models still leading the knowledge of eukaryote-bacteria symbioses. Other less known symbioses of dinitrogen fixing bacteria are reviewed as well as free-living diazotrophs.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Achouak W, Normand P, Heulin T (1999) Comparative phylogeny of rrs and nifH genes in the Bacillaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 49:961ā967
Akao S, Kouchi H (1992) A supernodulating mutant isolated from soybean cultivar Enrei. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 38:183ā187
Allen ON, Allen EK (1981) The Leguminosae: a source book of characteristics, uses, and nodulation. University of Wisconsin Press, Wisconsin, p 812
Andrade G, Esteban E, Velasco L, Lorite MJ, Bedmar EJ (1997) Isolation and identification of N2-fixing microorganism from the rhizosphere of Capparis spinosa (L.). Plant Soil 197:19ā23
App AA, Santiago T, Daez C, Menguito C, Ventura V, Tirol A, Po J et al (1984) Estimation of the nitrogen balance for irrigated rice and the contribution of phototrophic nitrogen fixation. Field Crop Res 9:17ā27
App AA, Watanabe I, Ventura TS, Bravo M, Jurey CD (1986) The effect of cultivated and wild rice varieties on the nitrogen balance of flooded soil. Soil Sci 141:448ā452
Araujo da Silva KR, Salles JF, Seldin L, van Elsas JD (2003) Application of a novel Paenibacillus-specific PCR-DGGE method and sequence analysis to assess the diversity of Paenibacillus spp. in the maize rhizosphere. J Microbiol Methods 54:213ā231
Ardley JK, Parker MA, De Meyer SE, Trengove RD, OāHara GW, Reeve WG, Yates RJ, Dilworth MJ, Willems A, Howieson JG (2011) Microvirga lupini sp. nov., Microvirga lotononidis sp. nov., and Microvirga zambiensis sp. nov. are Alphaproteobacterial root nodule bacteria that specifically nodulate and fix nitrogen with geographically and taxonomically separate legume hosts. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol [Epub ahead of print]
Arnold W, Rump A, Klipp W, Priefer UB, PĆ¼hler A (1988) Nucleotide sequence of a 24,206-base-pair DNA fragment carrying the entire nitrogen fixation gene cluster of Klebsiella pneumoniae. J Mol Biol 203:715ā738
Baker DD, Mullin BC (1992) Actinorhizal symbioses. In: Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 259ā292
Balatti AP, Freire JRJ (eds) (1996) Legume inoculants, selection and characterization of strains, production, use and management. Editorial Kingraf, La Plata, Argentina
Baldani VLD, Dƶbereiner J (1980) Host-plant specificity in the infection of cereals with Azospirillum spp. Soil Biol Biochem 12:433ā439
Baldani I, Baldani VLD, Seldin L, Dƶbereiner J (1986) Characterization of Herbaspirillum seropedicae gen. nov., sp. nov., a root-associated nitrogen-fixing bacterium. Int J Syst Bacteriol 36:86ā93
Baldani JI, Reis VM, Baldani VLD, Dƶbereiner J (1999) Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in non-leguminous plants: the role of endophytic diazotrophs. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M et al (eds) 12th international congress on nitrogen fixation, book of abstracts. Universidade Federal do ParanƔ, ParanƔ, Brazil, p 12
Bally R, Thomas-Bauzon D, Heulin T, Balandreau J, Richard C, De Ley J (1983) Determination of the most frequent N2-fixing bacteria in a rice rhizosphere. Can J Microbiol 29:881ā887
Balota EL, Lopes ES, Hungria M, Dobereiner J (1997) InoculaĆ§Ć£o de bactĆ©rias diazotrĆ³ficas e fungos micorrĆzico-arbusculares na cultura da mandioca. Pesq Agropec Bras 32:627ā639
Barcellos FG, Menna P, Batista JSS, Hungria M (2007) Evidence of horizontal transfer of symbiotic genes from a Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculant strain to indigenous Sinorhizobium (Ensifer) fredii and Bradyrhizobium elkanii in a Brazilian savannah soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2635ā2643
Barraquio WL, de Guzman MR, Barrion M, Watanabe I (1982) Population of aerobic heterotrophic nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with wetland and dryland rice. Appl Environ Microbiol 43:124ā128
Barraquio WL, Ladha JK, Watanabe I (1983) Isolation and identification of N2-fixing Pseudomonas associated with wetland rice. Can J Microbiol 29:867ā873
Barraquio WL, Revilla L, Ladha JK (1997) Isolation of endophytic diazotrophic bacteria from wetland rice. Plant Soil 194:15ā24
Bashan Y, Holguin G (1997) Azospirillumāplant relationships: environmental and physiological advances (1990ā1996). Can J Microbiol 43:103ā121
Bauer CC, Scappino L, Haselkorn R (1993) Growth of the cyanobacterium Anabaena on molecular nitrogen: NifJ is required when iron is limited. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90:8812ā8816
Behar A, Yuval B, Jurkevitch E (2005) Enterobacteria-mediated nitrogen fixation in natural populations of the fruit fly Ceratitis capitata. Mol Ecol 14:2637ā2643
Bergersen FJ (1974) Formation and function of bacteroids. In: Quispel A (ed) The biology of nitrogen fixation. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 473ā498
Bergersen FJ (ed) (1980) Methods for evaluating biological nitrogen fixation. Wiley, Chichester, p 701
Bergersen FJ, Hipsley EH (1970) The presence of N2-fixing bacteria in the intestines of man and animals. J Gen Microbiol 60:61ā65
Bergman B, Rai AN, Johansson C, SƶderbƤck E (1992) Cyanobacterial-plant symbioses. Symbiosis 14:61ā81
Berry AM (1994) Recent developments in the actinorhizal symbioses. Plant Soil 161:135ā145
Boddey RM, Urquiaga S, Reis V, Dƶbereiner J (1991) Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane. Plant Soil 137:111ā117
Boddey RM, de Oliveira OC, Urquiaga S, Reis VM, de Olivares FL, Baldani VLD, Dƶbereiner J (1995) Biological nitrogen fixation associated with sugar cane and rice: contributions and prospects for improvement. Plant Soil 174:195ā209
Bordeleau LM, PrĆ©vost D (1994) Nodulation and nitrogen fixation in extreme environments. Plant Soil 161:115ā125
Bottomley PJ (1992) Ecology of Bradyrhizobium and Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus. In: Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 293ā348
Brewin NJ, Legocki AB (1996) Biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agriculture. Trends Microbiol 4:476ā477
Brigle KE, Weiss MC, Newton WE, Dean DR (1987) Products of the iron-molybdenum cofactor-specific biosynthetic genes, nifE and nifN, are structurally homologous to the products of the nitrogenase molybdenum-iron protein genes, nifD and nifK. J Bacteriol 169:1547ā1553
Brockwell J, Bottomley PJ (1995) Recent advances in inoculant technology and prospects for the future. Soil Biol Biochem 27:683ā697
BuendĆa-ClaverĆa AM, Rodriguez-Navarro DN, SantamarĆa-Linaza C, Ruiz-SaĆnz JE, Temprano-Vera F (1994) Evaluation of the symbiotic properties of Rhizobium fredii in European soils. Syst Appl Microbiol 17:155ā160
BĆ¼rgmann H, Widmer F, von Sigler W, Zeyer J (2004) New molecular screening tools for analysis of free-living diazotrophs in soil. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:240ā247
Caballero-Mellado J, MartĆnez-Romero E (1994) Limited genetic diversity in the endophytic sugarcane bacterium Acetobacter diazotrophicus. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:1532ā1537
Caballero-Mellado J, MartĆnez-Romero E (1999) Soil fertilization limits the genetic diversity of Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium in bean nodules. Symbiosis 26:111ā121
Caballero-Mellado J, Carcano-Montiel M, Mascarua-Esparza MA (1992) Field inoculation of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with Azospirillum brasilense under temperate climate. Symbiosis 13:243ā253
Caballero-Mellado J, Fuentes-RamĆrez LE, Reis VM, MartĆnez-Romero E (1995) Genetic structure of Acetobacter diazotrophicus populations and identification of a new genetically distant group. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:3008ā3013
Carmichael WW (1994) The toxins of cyanobacteria. Sci Am 270:64ā72
Carrasco CD, Buettner JA, Golden JW (1995) Programed DNA rearrangement of a cyanobacterial hupL gene in heterocysts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:791ā795
Carroll BJ, McNeil DL, Gresshoff PM (1985) A supernodulating and nitrate-tolerant symbiotic (nts) soybean mutant. Plant Physiol 78:34ā40
Carvalho FM, Souza RC, Barcellos FG, Hungria M, Vasconcelos ATR (2010) Genomic and evolutionary comparisons of diazotrophic and pathogenic bacteria of the order Rhizobiales. BMC Microbiol 10:37
Catroux G, Hartmann A, Revellin C (2001) Trends in rhizobial production and use. Plant Soil 230:21ā30
Cavalcante VA, Dƶbereiner J (1988) A new acid-tolerant nitrogen-fixing bacterium associated with sugarcane. Plant Soil 108:23ā31
Cheetham BF, Katz ME (1995) A role for bacteriophages in the evolution and transfer of bacterial virulence determinants. Mol Microbiol 18:201ā208
Chelius M, Triplett E (2001) The diversity of Archaea and bacteria in association with the roots of Zea mays L. Microb Ecol 41:252ā263
Chen T-H, Pen S-Y, Huang T-C (1993) Induction of nitrogen-fixing circadian rhythm Synechococcus RF-1 by light signals. Plant Sci 92:179ā182
Chen WM, Laevens S, Lee TM, Coenye T, De Vos P, Mergeay M, Vandamme P (2001) Ralstonia taiwanensis sp. nov., isolated from root nodules of Mimosa species and sputum of a cystic fibrosis patient. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:1729ā1735
Chen W-M, Moulin L, Bontemps C, Vandamme P, BĆ©na G, Boivin-Masson C (2003) Legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation by Ī²-proteobacteria is widespread in nature. J Bacteriol 185:7266ā7272
Christiansen-Weniger C, Groneman AF, van Veen JA (1992) Associative N2 fixation and root exudation of organic acids from wheat cultivars of different aluminum tolerance. Plant Soil 139:167ā174
Cojho EH, Reis VM, Schenberg ACG, Dƶbereiner J (1993) Interactions of Acetobacter diazotrophicus with an amylolytic yeast in nitrogen-free batch culture. FEMS Microbiol Lett 106:341ā346
Dāhooghe I, Michiels J, Vlassak K, Verreth C, Waelkens F, Vanderleyden J (1995) Structural and functional analysis of the fixLJ genes of R. leguminosarum biovar phaseoli CNPAF512. Mol Gen Genet 249:117ā126
Dardanelli MS, RodrĆguez-Navarro DN, MegĆas-Guijo M, Okon Y (2008) Influencia de la coinoculaciĆ³n Azospirillum-rizobios sobre el crecimiento y la fijaciĆ³n de nitrĆ³geno de leguminosas de interĆ©s agronĆ³mico. In: CassĆ”n FD, Garcia de Salamone I (eds) Azospirillum sp.: cell physiology, plant interactions and agronomic research in Argentina. AsociaciĆ³n Argentina de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, pp 141ā152
Date RA (2001) Advances in inoculant technology: a brief review. Aust J Exp Agric 41:321ā325
Davis CS, McGillicuddy DJ (2006) Transatlantic abundance of the N2 fixing colonial Cyanobacterium Trichodesmium. Science 312:1517ā1520
De Groote MA, Pace NR, Fulton K, Falkinham JO III (2006) Relationships between Mycobacterium isolates from patients with pulmonary mycobacterial infection and potting soils. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:7602ā7606
Dean DR, Jacobson MR (1992) Biochemical genetics of nitrogenase. In: Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 763ā834
Dekas AE, Poretsky RS, Orphan VJ (2009) Deep-sea archaea fix and share nitrogen in methane-consuming microbial consortia. Science 326:422ā426
DeLuca TH, Zackrisson O, Nilsson MC, Sellstedt A (2002) Quantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forests. Nature 419:917ā920
DĆaz-Zorita M, Fernandez Canigia MV (2008) AnĆ”lisis de la producciĆ³n de cereales inoculados con Azospirillum brasilense en la RepĆŗblica Argentina. In: CassĆ”n FD, Garcia de Salamone I (eds) Azospirillum sp.: cell physiology, plant interactions and agronomic research in Argentina. AsociaciĆ³n Argentina de Microbiologia, Buenos Aires, pp 152ā164
Distel DL, Morrill W, MacLaren-Toussaint N, Franks D, Waterbury J (2002) Teredinibacter turnerae gen. nov., sp. nov., a dinitrogen-fixing, cellulolytic, endosymbiotic gamma-proteobacterium isolated from the gills of wood-boring molluscs (Bivalvia: Teredinidae). Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:2261ā2269
Dixon R (1998) The oxygen-responsive NIFL-NIFA complex: a novel two-component regulatory system controlling nitrogenase synthesis in Ī³-proteobacteria. Arch Microbiol 169:371ā380
Dƶbereiner J (1961) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus Beijerinckia Derx in the rhizosphere of sugarcane. Plant Soil 15:211ā217
Dƶbereiner J (1974) Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere. In: Quispel A (ed) The biology of nitrogen fixation. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 86ā120
Dƶbereiner J, Day JM (1976) Associative symbiosis in tropical grasses: characterization of microorganisms and dinitrogen-fixing sites. In: Newton WE, Nyman CT (eds) Proceedings of the international symposium on nitrogen fixation, vol 2. Washington State University Press, Pullman, pp 518ā538
Dƶbereiner J, Marriel I, Nery M (1976) Ecological distribution of Spirillum lipoferum Beijerinck. Can J Microbiol 22:1464ā1473
Durbin KJ, Watanabe I (1980) Sulphate reducing bacteria and nitrogen fixation in flooded rice soil. Soil Biol Biochem 12:11ā14
Eady RR (1996) Structure-function relationships of alternative nitrogenases. Chem Rev 96:3013ā3030
Egener T, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B (1998) Use of green fluorescent protein to detect expression of nif genes of Azoarcus sp. BH72, a grass-associated diazotroph, on rice roots. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 11:71ā75
Engelhard M, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B (1999) Preferential colonization of wild rice species in comparison to modern races of Oryza sativa by Azoarcus spp., diazotrophic endophytes. In: de Wit P et al (eds) 9th international congress, book of abstracts. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Wageningen, p 198
Estrella MJ, MuƱoz S, Soto MJ, Ruiz O, SanjuĆ”n J (2008) Genetic diversity and host range of rhizobia nodulating Lotus tenuis in typical soils of the Salado River Basin (Argentina). Appl Environ Microbiol 75:1088ā1098
Evans HJ, Hanus FJ, Russell SA, Harker AR, Lambert GR, Dalton DA (1985) Biochemical characterization, evaluation, and genetics of H2 recycling in Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium. In: Ludden PW, Burris JE (eds) Nitrogen fixation and CO2 metabolism. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 3ā11
Evans HJ, Harker AR, Papen H, Russell SA, Hanus FJ, Zuber M (1987) Physiology, biochemistry and genetics of uptake hydrogenase in rhizobia. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:335ā361
Fani R, Casadei S, Lio P (1999) Origin and evolution of nif genes. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M et al (eds) 12th international congress on nitrogen fixation, book of abstracts. Universidade Federal do ParanĆ”, ParanĆ”, p 48
Firth P, Thitipoca H, Suthipradit S, Wetselaar R, Beech DF (1973) Nitrogen balance studies in the central plain of Thailand. Soil Biol Biochem 5:41ā46
Fischer HM (1994) Genetic regulation of nitrogen fixation in rhizobia. Microbiol Rev 58:352ā386
Fisher K, Hare ND, Newton WE (1998) Mapping the catalytic surface of A. vinelandii MoFe protein by site specific mutagenesis. In: Elmerich C, Kondorosi A, Newton WE (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation for the 21st century. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 23ā26
Forchhammer K (2003) PII signal transduction in Cyanobacteria. Symbiosis 35:101ā115
Fred EB, Baldwin IL, McCoy E (1932) Root nodule bacteria and leguminous plants. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison
Fuentes-RamĆrez LE, JimĆ©nez-Salgado T, Abarca-Ocampo IR, Caballero-Mellado J (1993) Acetobacter diazotrophicus, an indoleacetic acid producing bacterium isolated from sugarcane cultivars of Mexico. Plant Soil 154:145ā150
Fuentes-RamĆrez LE, Caballero-Mellado J, SepĆŗlveda J, MartĆnez-Romero E (1999) Colonization of sugarcane by Acetobacter diazotrophicus is inhibited by high N-fertilization. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 29:117ā128
Fuentes-RamĆrez LE, Bustillos-Cristales R, Tapia-Hernandez A, Jimenez-Salgado T, Wang ET, Martinez-Romero E, Caballero-Mellado J (2001) Novel nitrogen-fixing acetic acid bacteria, Gluconacetobacter johannae sp. nov. and Gluconacetobacter azotocaptans sp. nov., associated with coffee plants. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51:1305ā1314
Fulweiler RW (2009) Fantastic fixers. Science 326:377ā378
Fulweiler RW, Nixon SW, Buckley BA, Granger SL (2007) Reversal of the net dinitrogen gas flux in coastal marine sediments. Nature 448:180ā182
Galibert F, Finan TM, Long SR, Puhler A, Abola P, Ampe F, Barloy-Hubler F, Barnett MJ, Becker A, Boistard P, Bothe G, Boutry M, Bowser L, Buhrmester J, Cadieu E, Capela D, Chain P, Cowie A, Davis RW, Dreano S, Federspiel NA, Fisher RF, Gloux S, Godrie T, Goffeau A, Golding B, Gouzy J, Gurjal M, Hernandez-Lucas I, Hong A, Huizar L, Hyman RW, Jones T, Kahn D, Kahn ML, Kalman S, Keating DH, Kiss E, Komp C, Lelaure V, Masuy D, Palm C, Peck MC, Pohl TM, Portetelle D, Purnelle B, Ramsperger U, Surzycki R, Thebault P, Vandenbol M, Vorholter FJ, Weidner S, Wells DH, Wong K, Yeh KC, Batut J (2001) The composite genome of the legume symbiont Sinorhizobium meliloti. Science 293:668ā672
Giller KE (2001) Nitrogen Fixation in Tropical Cropping Systems. CAB International Publishing, Wallingford, UK, p 448
Giller KE, Merckx R (2003) Exploring the boundaries of N2 fixation in cereals and grasses: an hypothetical and experimental framework. Symbiosis 35:3ā17
Giller KE, Wilson KJ (1991) Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. CAB International, Wallingford
Giller KE, Rowe E, de Ridder N, van Keulen H (2006) Resource use dynamics and interactions in the tropics: scaling up in space and time. Agric Syst 88:8ā27
Gillis M, Van TrĆ¢n V, Bardin R, Goor M, Hebbar P, Willems A, Segers P, Kersters K, Heulin T, FernĆ”ndez MP (1995) Polyphasic taxonomy in the genus Burkholderia leading to an emended description of the genus and proposition of Burkholderia vietnamiensis sp. nov. for N2-fixing isolates from rice in Vietnam. Int J Syst Bacteriol 45:274ā289
Girard L, Brom S, Davalos A, Lopez O, Soberon M, Romero D (2000) Differential regulation of fixN-reiterated genes in Rhizobium etli by a novel fixL-fixK cascade. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 13:1283ā1292
Glazebrook J, Ichige A, Walker GC (1993) A R. meliloti homolog of the Escherichia coli peptide-antibiotic transport protein SbmA is essential for bacteroid development. Genes Dev 7:1485ā1497
Gollan U, Schneider K, MĆ¼ller A, SchĆ¼ddekopf K, Klipp W (1993) Detection of the in vivo incorporation of a metal cluster into a protein: the FeMo cofactor is inserted into the FeFe protein of the alternative nitrogenase of Rhodobacter capsulatus. Eur J Biochem 215:25ā35
Gough C, Webster G, Vasse J, Galera C, Batchelor C, OāCallaghan K et al (1996) Specific flavonoids stimulate intercellular colonization of non-legumes by Azorhizobium caulinodans. In: Stacey G, Mullin B, Gresshoff PM (eds) Biology of plant-microbe interactions. International Society for Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, St. Paul, pp 409ā415
Gough C, Vasse J, Galera C, Webster G, Cocking E, DĆ©nariĆ© J (1997) Interactions between bacterial diazotrophs and non-legume dicots: Arabidopsis thaliana as a model plant. Plant Soil 194:123ā130
Graham PH (1981) Some problems of nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation in Phaseolus vulgaris L.: a review. Field Crops Res 4:93ā112
Graham PH, Vance CP (2000) Nitrogen fixation in perspective: an overview of research and extension needs. Field Crops Res 65:93ā106
Graham PH, Vance CP (2003) Legumes: importance and constraints to greater utilization. Plant Physiol 131:872ā877
Gremaud MG, Harper JE (1989) Selection and initial characterization of partially nitrate tolerant nodulation mutants of soybean. Plant Physiol 89:169ā173
Guerinot ML, Fong W, Patriquin DG (1977) Nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) associated with sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) feeding on seaweeds and eelgrass. J Fish Res Board Can 34:416ā420
Gutierrez-Zamora ML, Martinez-Romero E (2001) Natural endophytic association between Rhizobium etli and maize (Zea mays L.). J Biotechnol 91(2ā3):117ā126
Haahtela K, Helander I, Nurmiaho-Lassila E-L, Sundman V (1983) Morphological and physiological characteristics of N2-fixing (C2H2-reducing) root-associated Pseudomonas sp. Can J Microbiol 29:874ā880
Hales BJ, Case EE, Morningstar JE, Dzeda MF, Mauterer LA (1986) Isolation of a new vanadium-containing nitrogenase from Azotobacter vinelandii. Biochemistry 25:7251ā7255
Han B, Xiaoming Z, Liqing S, Hede G, Bin H, Hede G, Jijun K, Zhen Y, Tong C (2010) Nitrogen fixation of epiphytic plants enwrapping trees in Ailao Mountain cloud forests, Yunnan, China. Protoplasma 247(1):103ā110
Hardarson G (1993) Methods for enhancing symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Plant Soil 152:1ā17
Hardarson G, Danso SKA (1993) Methods for measuring biological nitrogen fixation in grain legumes. Plant Soil 152:19ā23
Hardy RWF, Havelka UD (1973) Symbiotic N2 fixation with multi-fold enhancement by CO2 enrichment of field-grown soybean. Plant Physiol 46:S35
Hardy RWF, Holsten RD, Jackson EK, Burns RC (1968) The acetylene-ethylene assay for N2 fixation: laboratory and field evaluation. Plant Physiol 43:1185ā1207
Haselkorn R, Buikema WJ (1992) Nitrogen fixation in cyanobacteria. In: Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 166ā190
Haselkorn R, Jones K, Buikema WJ (1999) Heterocyst differentiation and nitrogen fixation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena. In: MartĆnez E, HernĆ”ndez G (eds) Highlights of nitrogen fixation research. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 185ā188
Hennecke H, Kaluza K, Thƶny B, Fuhrmann M, Ludwig W, Stackebrandt E (1985) Concurrent evolution of nitrogenase genes and 16S rRNA in Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium species and other nitrogen fixing bacteria. Arch Microbiol 142:342ā348
Herrero A, Muro-Pastor AM, Flores E (2001) Nitrogen control in cyanobacteria. J Bacteriol 183:411ā425
Herridge DF, Peoples MB (1990) Ureide assay for measuring nitrogen fixation by nodulated soybean calibrated by 15N methods. Plant Physiol 93:495ā503
Hewson I, Moisander PH, Achilles KM, Carlson CA, Jenkins BD, Mondragon EA, Morrison AE, Zehr JP (2006) Characteristics of diazotrophs in surface to abyssopelagic waters of the Sargasso Sea. Aquat Microb Ecol 46:15ā30
Hicks WT, Harmon ME, Myrold DD (2003) Substrate controls on nitrogen fixation and respiration in woody debris from the Pacific Northwest, USA. For Ecol Manage 176:25ā35
Hƶlflich G, Wiehe W, Hecht-Bucholz C (1995) Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus osphere colonization of different crops with growth promoting Pseudomonas and Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium bacteria. Microbiol Res 150:139ā147
Holmes A, Govan J, Goldstein R (1998) Agricultural use of Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) cepacia: a threat to human health? Emerg Infect Dis 4:221ā227
Hongoh Y, Sharma VK, Prakash T, Noda S, Toh H, Taylor TD, Kudo T, Sakaki Y, Toyoda A, Hattori M, Ohkuma M (2008) Genome of an endosymbiont coupling N2 fixation to cellulolysis within protist cells in termite gut. Science 322:1108ā1109
Hoover TR, Imperial J, Ludden PW, Shah VK (1989) Homocitrate is a component of the iron-molybdenum cofactor of nitrogenase. Biochemistry 28:2768ā2771
Howieson JG, Yates RJ, Foster KJ, Real D, Besier RB (2008) Prospects for the future use of legumes. In: Newton WE (ed) Nitrogen fixation: origins, applications and research progress, vol 7, Dilworth MJ, James EK, Sprent JI, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen-fixing leguminous symbioses. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 363ā393
Hungria M, Campo RJ (2004) Economical and environmental benefits of inoculation and biological nitrogen fixation with soybean: situation in South America. In: Proceedings of the seventh world soybean research conference, Embrapa Soja, Londrina ParanĆ”, pp 488ā498
Hungria M, Vargas MAT (2000) Environmental factors affecting N2 fixation in grain legumes in the tropics, with an emphasis on Brazil. Field Crops Res 65:151ā164
Hungria M, Andrade DS, Chueire LMO, Probanza A, Guttierrez-MaƱero F, MegĆas M (2000a) Isolation and characterization of new efficient and competitive bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) rhizobia from Brazil. Soil Biol Biochem 32:1515ā1528
Hungria M, Vargas MAT, Campo RJ, Chueire LMO, Andrade DS (2000b) The Brazilian experience with the soybean (Glycine max) and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) symbiosis. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M, Yates G, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen fixation: from molecules to crop productivity. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 515ā518
Hungria M, Campo RJ, Chueire LMO, Grange L, MegĆas M (2001) Symbiotic effectiveness of fast-growing rhizobial strains isolated from soybean nodules in Brazil. Biol Fertil Soils 33:387ā394
Hungria M, Campo RJ, Mendes IC (2003) Benefits of inoculation of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop with efficient and competitive Rhizobium tropici strains. Biol Fertil Soils 39:88ā93
Hungria M, Franchini JC, Campo RJ, Graham PH (2005a) The importance of nitrogen fixation to soybean cropping in South America. In: Newton WE (ed) Nitrogen fixation: origins, applications and research progress, vol 4, Werner W, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen fixation in agriculture, forestry, ecology and the environment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 25ā42
Hungria M, Loureiro MF, Mendes IC, Campo RJ, Graham PH (2005b) Inoculant preparation, production and application. In: Newton WE (ed) Nitrogen fixation: origins, applications and research progress, vol 4, Werner W, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen fixation in agriculture, forestry, ecology and the environment. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 223ā254
Hungria M, Campo RJ, Mendes IC, Graham PH (2006a) Contribution of biological nitrogen fixation to the N nutrition of grain crops in the tropics: the success of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) in South America. In: Singh RP, Shankar N, Jaiwal PK (eds) Nitrogen nutrition and sustainable plant productivity. Studium Press, Houston, pp 43ā93
Hungria M, Franchini JC, Campo RJ, Crispino CC, Moraes JZ, Sibaldelli RNR, Mendes IC, Arihara J (2006b) Nitrogen nutrition of soybean in Brazil: contributions of biological N2 fixation and of N fertilizer to grain yield. Can J Plant Sci 86:927ā939
Hungria M, Campo RJ, Souza EM, Pedrosa FO (2010) Inoculation with selected strains of Azospirillum brasilense and A. lipoferum improves yields of maize and wheat in Brazil. Plant Soil 331:413ā425
Hunt S, Layzell D (1993) Gas exchange of legume nodules and the regulation of nitrogenase activity. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44:483ā511
Hurek T, Egener T, Reinhold-Hurek B (1997) Divergence in nitrogenases of Azoarcus spp., Proteobacteria of the Ī² subclass. J Bacteriol 179:4172ā4178
Jacobitz S, Bishop PE (1992) Regulation of nitrogenase-2 in Azotobacter vinelandii by ammonium, molybdenum, and vanadium. J Bacteriol 174:3884ā3888
James EK, Olivares FL (1997) Infection and colonization of sugar cane and other graminaceous plants by endophytic diazotrophs. Crit Rev Plant Sci 17:77ā119
Jenkins BD, Steward GF, Short SM, Ward BB, Zehr JP (2004) Fingerprinting diazotroph communities in the Chesapeake Bay by using a DNA macroarray. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1767ā1776
Jimenez-Salgado T, Fuentes-Ramirez LE, Tapia-Hernandez A, Mascarua-Esparza MA, Martinez-Romero E, Caballero-Mellado J (1997) Coffea arabica L., a new host plant for Acetobacter diazotrophicus, and isolation of other nitrogen-fixing acetobacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3676ā3683
Johnston AWB, Li Y, Ogilvie L (2005) Metagenomic marine nitrogen fixationāfeast or famine? Trends Microbiol 13:416ā420
Kaluza K, Hahn M, Hennecke H (1985) Repeated sequences similar to insertion elements clustered around the nif region of the Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium japonicum genome. J Bacteriol 162:535ā542
Kaminski PA, Batut J, Boistard P (1998) A survey of symbiotic nitrogen fixation by rhizobia. In: Spaink HP, Kondorosi A, Hooykas PJJ (eds) The Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obiaceae. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 431ā460
Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Asamizu E, Kato T, Sasamoto S, Watanabe A, Idesawa K, Ishikawa A, Kawashima K, Kimura T, Kishida Y, Kiyokawa C, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Matsuno A, Mochizuki Y, Nakayama S, Nakazaki N, Shimpo S, Sugimoto M, Takeuchi C, Yamada M, Tabata S (2000) Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Res 7:331ā338
Kaneko T, Nakamura Y, Sato S, Minamisawa K, Uchiumi T, Sasamoto S, Watanabe SA, Idesawa K, Iriguchi M, Kawashima K, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Shimpo S, Tsuruoka H, Wada T, Yamada M, Tabata S (2002) Complete genomic sequence of nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110. DNA Res 9:189ā197
Karg T, Reinhold-Hurek B (1996) Global changes in protein composition of N2-fixing Azoarcus sp. strain BH72 upon diazosome formation. J Bacteriol 178:5748ā5754
Karl D, Michaels A, Bergman B, Capone D, Carpenter E, Letelier R, Lipschultz F, Paerl H, Sigman D, Stal L (2002) Dinitrogen fixation in the worldās oceans. Biogeochemistry 57:47ā98
Karpati E, Kiss P, Ponyi T, Fendrik I, de Zamaroczy M, Orosz L (1999) Interaction of Azospirillum lipoferum with wheat germ agglutinin stimulates nitrogen fixation. J Bacteriol 181:3949ā3955
Kennedy C, Dean D (1992) The nifU, nifS and nifV gene products are required for activity of all three nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii. Mol Gen Genet 231:494ā498
Kessler PS, Daniel C, Leigh JA (2001) Ammonia switch-off of nitrogen fixation in the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis: mechanistic features and requirement for the novel GlnB homologues, NifI1 and 2. J Bacteriol 183:882ā889
Keyser HH, Bohlool BB, Hu TS, Weber DF (1982) Fast-growing rhizobia isolated from root nodules of soybeans. Science 215:1631ā1632
Khadem AF, Pol A, Jetten MSM, Op den Camp HJM (2010) Nitrogen fixation by the verrucomicrobial methanotroph āMethylacidiphilum fumariolicumā SolV. Microbiology 156:1052ā1059
Kneip C, Lockhart P, Voss C, Maier U-G (2007) Nitrogen fixation in eukaryotesānew models for symbiosis. BMC Evol Biol 7:55
Kneip C, Voss C, Lockhart PJ, Maier UW (2008) The cyanobacterial endosymbiont of the unicellular algae Rhopalodia gibba shows reductive genome evolution. BMC Evol Biol 8:30
Koponen P, Nygren P, Domenach AM, Le Roux C, Saur E, Roggy JC (2003) Nodulation and dinitrogen fixation of legume trees in a tropical freshwater swamp forest in French Guiana. J Trop Ecol 19:655ā666
Kovach ME, Shaffer MD, Peterson KM (1996) A putative integrase gene defines the distal end of a large cluster of ToxR-regulated colonization genes in Vibrio cholerae. Microbiology 142:2165ā2174
Koyama T, App AA (1979) Nitrogen balance in flooded rice soils. In: Nitrogen and rice. IRRI, Manila, pp 95ā104
Krotzky A, Werner D (1987) Nitrogen fixation in Pseudomonas stutzeri. Arch Microbiol 147:48ā57
Kudo T, Ohkuma M, Moriya S, Noda S, Ohtoko K (1998) Molecular phylogenetic identification of the intestinal anaerobic microbial community in the hindgut of the termite, Reticulitermes speratus, without cultivation. Extremophiles 2:155ā161
Kustu S, Santero E, Keener J, Popham D, Weiss D (1989) Expression of sigma54 (ntrA)-dependent genes is probably united by a common mechanism. Microbiol Rev 53:367ā376
Kuznetsov SI, Dubinina GA, Lapteva NA (1979) Biology of oligotrophic bacteria. Ann Rev Microbiol 33:377ā387
Ladha JK, Barraquio WL, Watanabe I (1982) Immunological techniques to identify Azospirillum associated with wetland rice. Can J Microbiol 28:478ā485
Ladha JK, Barraquio WL, Watanabe I (1983) Isolation and identification of nitrogen-fixing Enterobacter clocae and Klebsiella planticola associated with rice plants. Can J Microbiol 29:1301ā1308
Ladha JK, Pareek RP, Becker M (1992) Stem-nodulating legume: Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium symbiosis and its agronomic use in lowland rice. Adv Soil Sci 20:148ā192
Ladha JK, Tirol-Padre A, Reddy CK, Ventura W (1993) Prospects and problems of biological nitrogen fixation in rice production: a critical assessment. In: Palacios R, Mora J, Newton WE (eds) New Horizons in nitrogen fixation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 677ā682
Laguerre G, Bardin M, Amarger N (1993) Isolation from soil of symbiotic and nonsymbiotic R. leguminosarum by DNA hybridization. Can J Microbiol 39:1142ā1149
Lal B, Khana S (1996) Long term field study shows increased biomass production in tree legumes inoculated with Rhizobium. Plant Soil 184:111ā116
Langlois RJ, Huemmer D, LaRoche J (2008) Abundances and distributions of the dominant nifH phylotypes in the northern Atlantic Ocean. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1922ā1931
Larimer FW, Chain P, Hauser L, Lamerdin J, Malfatti S, Do L, Land ML, Pelletier DA, Beatty JT, Lang AS (2004) Complete genome sequence of the metabolically versatile photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. Nat Biotechnol 22:55ā61
Lechene CP, Luyten Y, McMahon G, Distel DL (2007) Quantitative imaging of nitrogen fixation by individual bacteria within animal cells. Science 317:1563ā1566
Lee PKH, Jianzhong J, Zinder SH, Alvarez-Cohen L (2009) Evidence for nitrogen fixation by āDehalococcoides ethenogenesā strain 195. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:7551ā7555
Leigh JA (2000) Nitrogen fixation in methanogens: the archaeal perspective. In: Triplett EW (ed) Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation: a model system for analysis of a biological process. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, pp 657ā669
Li Y, Green LS, Day DA, Bergersen FJ (1999) Ammonia and alanine efflux from nitrogen-fixing soybean bacteroids. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M et al (eds) 12th international congress on nitrogen fixation, book of abstracts. Universidade Federal do ParanĆ”, ParanĆ”, pp 13ā14
Lie TJ, Leigh JA (2003) A novel repressor of nif and glnA expression in the methanogenic archaeon Methanococcus maripaludis. Mol Microbiol 47:235ā246
Lilburn TG, Kim KS, Ostrom NE, Byzek KR, Leadbetter JR, Breznak JA (2001) Nitrogen fixation by symbiotic and free-living spirochetes. Science 292:2495ā2498
Lin DX, Wang ET, Tang H, Han TX, He YR, Guan SH, Chen WX (2008) Shinella kummerowiae sp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium isolated from root nodules of the herbal legume Kummerowia stipulacea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 58:1409ā1413
Lindblad A, Jansson J, Brostedt E, Johansson M, Nordlund S (1993) Sequencing and mutational studies of a nifJ-like gene in Rhodospirillum rubrum. In: Palacios R, Mora J, Newton W (eds) New Horizons in nitrogen fixation. Kluwer, Dordrecht, p 477
Lobo AL, Zinder SH (1992) Nitrogen fixation by methanogenic bacteria. In: Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 191ā211
Lodwig EM, Hosie AHF, Bourdes A, Findlay K, Allaway D, Karunakaran R, Downie JA, Poole PS (2003) Amino-acid cycling drives nitrogen fixation in the legume-Rhizobium symbiosis. Nature 422:722ā726
Lodwig E, Kumar S, Allaway D, Bourdes A, Prell J, Priefer U, Poole P (2004) Regulation of l-alanine dehydrogenase in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae and its role in pea nodules. J Bacteriol 186:842ā849
Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1990) Natural genetic transformation of Pseudomonas stutzeri by sand-absorbed DNA. Arch Microbiol 154:380ā385
Loveless TM, Saah JR, Bishop PE (1999) Isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria containing molybdenum-independent nitrogenases from natural environments. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4223ā4226
Lupwayi NZ, Olsen PE, Sande ES, Kayser HH, Collins MM, Singleton PW, Rice WA (2000) Inoculant quality and its evaluation. Field Crops Res 65:259ā270
Madigan M, Cox SS, Stegeman RA (1984) Nitrogen fixation and nitrogenase activities in members of the family Rhodospirillaceae. J Bacteriol 157:73ā78
Maier RJ, Triplett EW (1996) Toward more productive, efficient, and competitive nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacteria. Crit Rev Plant Sci 15:191ā234
Man-Aharonovich D, Kress N, Zeev EB, Berman-Frank I, Beja O (2007) Molecular ecology of nifH genes and transcripts in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Environ Microbiol 9:2354ā2363
MartĆnez E, Romero D, Palacios R (1990) The Rhizobium genome. Crit Rev Plant Sci 9:59ā93
MartĆnez L, Caballero-Mellado J, Orozco J, MartĆnez-Romero E (2003) Diazotrophic bacteria associated with banana (Musa spp.). Plant Soil 257:35ā47
MartĆnez J, MartĆnez L, Rosenblueth M, Silva J, MartĆnez-Romero E (2004) How are gene sequence analyses modifying bacterial taxonomy? The case of Klebsiella. Int Microbiol 7:261ā268
MartĆnez-Romero E, Caballero-Mellado J (1996) Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium phylogenies and bacterial genetic diversity. Crit Rev Plant Sci 15:113ā140
May BM, Attiwill PM (2003) Nitrogen-fixation by Acacia dealbata and changes in soil properties 5 years after mechanical disturbance or slash-burning following timber harvest. For Ecol Manage 181:339ā355
McIsaac GF, David MB, Gertner GZ, Goolsby DA (2002) Nitrate flux in the Mississppi River. Nature 414:166ā167
Meeks JC, Elhai J, Thiel T, Potts M, Larimer F, Lamerdin J, Predki P, Atlas R (2001) An overview of the genome of Nostoc punctiforme, a multicellular, symbiotic cyanobacterium. Photosynth Res 70:85ā106
Mehmannavaz R, Prasher SO, Ahmad D (2002) Rhizospheric effects of alfalfa on biotransformation of polychlorinated biphenyls in a contaminated soil augmented with Sinorhizobium meliloti. Proc Biochem 37:955ā963
Mehta MP, Baross JA (2006) Nitrogen fixation at 92 degree C by a hydrothermal vent archaeon. Science 314:1783ā1786
Mehta MP, Butterfield DA, Baross JA (2003) Phylogenetic diversity of nitrogenase (nifH) genes in deep-sea and hydrothermal vent environments of the Juan de Fuca Ridge. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:960ā970
Minchin FR, Sheehy JE, Witty JF (1986) Further errors in the acetylene reduction assay: effects of plant disturbance. J Exp Bot 37:1581ā1591
Minerdi D, Fani R, Gallo R, Boarino A, Bonfante P (2001) Nitrogen fixation genes in an endosymbiotic Burkholderia strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:725ā732
Montoya JP, Holl CM, Zehr JP, Hansen A, Villareal TA, Capone DG (2004) High rates of N2 fixation by unicellular diazotrophs in the oligotrophic Pacific Ocean. Nature 430:1027ā1032
Moore CM, Mills MM, Milne A, Langlois R, Achterberg EP, Lochte K, Geider RJ, La Roche J (2006) Iron limits primary productivity during spring bloom development in the central North Atlantic. Global Change Biol 12:626ā634
Moulin L, Munive A, Dreyfus B, Boivin-Masson C (2001) Nodulation of legumes by members of the Ī²-subclass of Proteobacteria. Nature 411:948ā950
Mpepereki S, Javaheri F, Davis P, Giller KE (2000) Soybeans and sustainable agriculture: āPromiscuousā soybeans in southern Africa. Field Crops Res 65:137ā149
Muro-Pastor AM, Valladares A, Flores E, Herrero A (1999) The hetC gene is a direct target of the NtcA transcriptional regulator in cyanobacterial heterocyst development. J Bacteriol 181:6664ā6669
Muthukumarasamy R, Revathi G, Lakshminarasimhan C (1999) Influence of N fertilisation on the isolation of Acetobacter diazotrophicus and Herbaspirillum spp. from Indian sugarcane varieties. Biol Fertil Soil 29:157ā164
Muyzer G, De Waal EC, Uitterlinden AG (1993) Profiling of complex microbial populations by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis of polymerase chain reaction-amplified genes coding for 16S rRNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 59:695ā700
Nardi JB, Mackie RI, Dawson JO (2002) Could microbial symbionts of arthropod guts contribute significantly to nitrogen fixation in terrestrial ecosystems? J Insect Physiol 48:751ā763
Nees DW, Stein PA, Ludwig RA (1988) The Azorhizobium caulinodans nifA gene: identification of upstream-activating sequences including a new element, the āanaeroboxā. Nucleic Acids Res 16:9839ā9853
Neves MCP, Hungria M (1987) The physiology of nitrogen fixation in tropical grain legumes. CRC Crit Rev Plant Sci 6:267ā321
Newton WE (2000) Nitrogen fixation in perspective. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M, Yates MG, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen fixation: from molecules to crop productivity. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 3ā8
Noda S, Ohkuma M, Usami R, Horikoshi K, Kudo T (1999) Culture-independent characterization of a gene responsible for nitrogen fixation in the symbiotic microbial community in the gut of the termite Neotermes koshunensis. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4935ā4942
Nordlund S (2000) Regulation of nitrogenase activity in phototrophic bacteria by reversible covalent modification. In: Triplett EW (ed) Prokaryotic nitrogen fixation: a model system for the analysis of a biological process. Horizon Scientific Press, Wymondham, pp 149ā164
Normand P, Bousquet J (1989) Phylogeny of nitrogenase sequences in Frankia and other nitrogen-fixing microorganims. J Mol Evol 29:436ā447
Normand P, Orso S, Cournoyer B, Jeannin P, Chapelon C, Dawson J, Evtushenko L, Misra AK (1996) Molecular phylogeny of the genus Frankia and related genera and emendation of the family Frankiaceae. Int J Syst Bacteriol 46:1ā9
Normand P, Queiroux C, Tisa LS, Benson DR, Rouy Z, Cruveiller S, Medigue C (2007) Exploring the genomes of Frankia. Physiol Plant 130:331ā343
OāCallaghan KJ, Davey MR, Cocking EC (1999) Xylem colonization of Sesbania rostrata by Azorhizobium caulinodans ORS571. In: MartĆnez E, HernĆ”ndez G (eds) Highlights of nitrogen fixation research. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 145ā147
Ohkuma M, Noda S, Kudo T (1999) Phylogenetic diversity of nitrogen fixation genes in the symbiotic microbial community in the gut of diverse termites. Appl Environ Microbiol 65:4926ā4934
Ohta H, Hattori T (1983) Agromonas oligotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing oligotrophic bacterium. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 49:429ā446
Okon Y, Labandera-Gonzalez CA (1994) Agronomic applications of Azospirillum: an evaluation of 20 years worldwide field inoculation. Soil Biol Biochem 26:1591ā1601
Olivares FL, Baldani VLD, Reis VM, Baldani JI, Dƶbereiner J (1996) Occurrence of the endophytic diazotrophs Herbaspirillum spp. in roots, stems, and leaves, predominantly of Gramineae. Biol Fertil Soils 21:197ā200
Oliveira ALM, Stoffles M, Schmid M, Reis VM, Baldani JI, Hartmann A (2009) Colonization of sugarcane plantlets by mixed inoculations with diazotrophic bacteria. Eur J Soil Biol 45:106ā113
Olson JB, Steppe TF, Litaker RW, Paerl HW (1998) N2-fixing microbial consortia associated with the ice cover of Lake Bonney, Antartica. Microb Ecol 36:231ā238
Paau AS (1989) Improvement of Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium inoculants. Appl Environ Microbiol 55:862ā865
Pau RN, Eldridge ME, Lowe DJ, Mitchenall LA, Eady RR (1993) Molybdenum-independent nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii: a functional species of alternative nitrogenase-3 isolated from a molybdenum-tolerant strain contains an iron-molybdenum cofactor. Biochem J 293:101ā107
Perlova O, Ureta A, Meletzus D, Nordlund S (2003) Sensing of N-status in Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus: biochemistry and genetics of nitrogen fixation and assimilation. Symbiosis 35:73ā84
Peters GA, Meeks JC (1989) The Azolla-Anabaena symbiosis: basic biology. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 40:193ā210
Phillips DA (1974) Promotion of acetylene reduction by Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium-soybean cell associations in vitro. Plant Physiol 54:654ā655
Phillips DA, MartĆnez-Romero E (2000) Biological nitrogen fixation. In: Lederberg J (ed) Encyclopedia of microbiology. Academic, New York
Phillips DA, MartĆnez-Romero E, Yang GP, Joseph CM (1999) Release of nitrogen: a key trait in selecting bacterial endophytes for agronomically useful nitrogen fixation. In: Ladha JK, Reddy PM (eds) The quest for nitrogen fixation in rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los BaƱos, pp 205ā217
Piehler MF, Swistak JG, Pinckney JL, Paerl HW (1999) Stimulation of diesel fuel biodegradation by indigenous nitrogen fixing bacterial consortia. Microb Ecol 38:69ā78
Pinto-Tomas AA, Anderson MA, Suen G, Stevenson DM, Chu FST, Cleland WW, Weimer PJ, Currie CR (2009) Symbiotic nitrogen fixation in the fungus gardens of leaf-cutter ants. Science 326:1120ā1123
Polhill RM, Raven PH (1981) Advances in legume systematics. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, p 446
Postgate JR (1982) The fundamentals of nitrogen fixation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, p 252
Postgate J (1988) The ghost in the laboratory. New Scientist 117:49ā52
Prantera MT, Drozdowicz A, Leite SG, Rosado AS (2002) Degradation of gasoline aromatic hydrocarbons by two N2-fixing soil bacteria. Biotechnol Lett 24:85ā89
Pulver EL, Kueneman EA, Ranga-Rao V (1985) Identification of promiscuous nodulating soybean efficient in N2 fixation. Crop Sci 25:660ā663
Qui YS, Zhou SP, Mo XZ (1981) Study of nitrogen fixing bacteria associated with rice root. 1: isolation and identification of organisms. Acta Microbiol Sinica 21:468ā472
Quispel A (1988) Hellriegel and Wilfarthās discovery of (symbiotic) nitrogen fixation hundred years ago. In: Bothe H, de Bruijn FJ, Newton WE (eds) Nitrogen fixation: hundred years after Gustav. Fischer, Stuttgart, pp 3ā12
Rajagopal BS, Belay N, Daniels L (1988) Isolation and characterization of methanogenic bacteria from rice paddies. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 53:153ā158
Ran L, Larsson J, Vigil-Stenman T, Nylander JAA, Ininbergs K, Zheng WW, Lapidus A, Lowry S, Haselkorn R, Bergman B (2010) Genome erosion in a nitrogen-fixing vertically transmitted endosymbiotic multicellular cyanobacterium. PLoS One 5:e11486
Rao VR, Ramakrishnan B, Adhya TK, Kanungo PK, Nayak DN (1998) Review: current status and future prospects of associative nitrogen fixation in rice. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 14:621ā633
Rappe MS, Giovannoni SJ (2003) The uncultured microbial majority. Annu Rev Microbiol 57:369ā394
Raymond J, Siefert JL, Staples CR, Blankenship RE (2004) The natural history of nitrogen fixation. Mol Biol Evol 21:541ā554
Reddy PM, Ladha JK, So RB, Hernandez RJ, Ramos MC, Angeles OR, Dazzo FB, de Bruijn FJ (1997) Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obial communication with rice roots: induction of phenotypic changes, mode of invasion and extent of colonization. Plant Soil 194:81ā98
Reiter B, Buergmann H, Burg K, Sessitsch A (2003) Endophytic nifH gene diversity in African sweet potato. Can J Microbiol/Rev Can Microbiol 49:549ā555
Ribbe M, Gadkari D, Meyer O (1997) N2 fixation by Streptomyces thermoautotrophicus involves a molybdenum-dinitrogenase and a manganese-superoxide oxidoreductase that couple N2 reduction to the oxidation of superoxide produced from O2 by a molybdenum-CO dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem 272:26627ā26633
Rivas R, Velazquez E, Willems A, Vizcaino N, Subba-Rao NS, Mateos PF, Gillis M, Dazzo FB, Martinez-Molina E (2002) A new species of Devosia that forms a unique nitrogen-fixing root-nodule symbiosis with the aquatic legume Neptunia natans (L.f.) Druce. Appl Environ Microbiol 68:5217ā5222
Robson RL, Eady RR, Richardson TH, Miller RW, Hawkins M, Postgate JR (1986) The alternative nitrogenase of Azotobacter chroococcum is a vanadium enzyme. Nature (London) 322:388ā390
Rolfe BG, Verma DPS, Potrykus I, Dixon R, McCully M (1998) Round table: Agriculture 2020: 8 billion people. In: Elmerich C, Kondorosi A, Newton WE (eds) Biological Nitrogen Fixation for the 21st century, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 685ā692
Romero D, Palacios R (1997) Gene amplification and genomic plasticity in prokaryotes. Annu Rev Genet 31:91ā111
Roncato-Maccari LDB, Ramos HJO, Pedrosa FO, Alquini Y, Chubatsu LS, Yates MG, Rigo LU, Steffens MBR, Souza EM (2003) Endophytic Herbaspirillum seropedicae expresses nif genes in gramineous plants. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45:39ā47
Rosenblueth M, MartĆnez L, Silva J, MartĆnez-Romero E (2004) Klebsiella variicola, a novel species with clinical and plant-associated isolates. Syst Appl Microbiol 27:27ā35
Roughley RJ (1970) The preparation and use of legume seed inoculants. Plant Soil 32:675ā701
Ruinen J (1974) Nitrogen fixation in the phyllosphere. In: Quispel A (ed) The biology of nitrogen fixation. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 121ā167
Ruppel S, Hecht-Bucholz C, Remus R, Ortmann U, Schmelzer R (1992) Settlement of the diazotrophic, phytoeffective bacterial strain Pantoea agglomerans on and within winter wheat: an investigation using ELISA and transmission electron microscopy. Plant Soil 145:261ā273
Russelle MP, Birr AS (2004) Large-scale assessment of symbiotic dinitrogen fixation by crops: soybean and alfalfa in the Mississippi river basin. Agron J 96:1754ā1760
Saah JR, Bishop PE (1999) Diazotrophs that group within the Pseudomonadaceae based on phylogenetic evidence. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M et al (eds) 12th international congress on nitrogen fixation, book of abstracts. Universidade Federal do ParanĆ”, ParanĆ”, p 117
Sabry SRS, Saleh SA, Batchelor CA et al (1997) Endophytic establishment of Azorhizobium caulinodans in wheat. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 264:341ā346
Sadowsky MJ, Graham PH (1998a) Soil biology of the Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obiaceae. In: Spaink HP, Kondorosi A, Hooykaas PJJ (eds) The Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obiaceae. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 155ā172
Sadowsky MJ, Graham PH (1998b) Soil biology of the Rhizobiaceae. In: Spaink HP, Kondorosi A, Hooykaas PJJ (eds) The Rhizobiaceaeāmolecular biology of model plant/associated bacteria. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 155ā172
Sanchez PA (2002) Soil fertility and hunger in Africa. Science 295:2019ā2020
SĆ”nchez PA, Vehara G (1980) Management considerations for acid soils with high phosphorus fixation capacity In: Khasawneh FE, Sample EC, Kamprath EJ (eds) The role of phosphorus in agriculture. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 471ā514
SaƱudo-Wilhelmy SA, Kustka AB, Gobler CJ, Hutchins DA, Yang M, Lwiza K, Burns J, Capone DG, Raven JA, Carpenter EJ (2001) Phosphorus limitation of nitrogen fixation by Trichodesmium in the central Atlantic Ocean. Nature 411:66ā69
Segonds C, Heulin T, Marty N, Chabanon G (1999) Differentiation of Burkholderia species by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and application to cystic fibrosis isolates. J Clin Microbiol 37:2201ā2208
Segovia L, PiƱero D, Palacios R, MartĆnez-Romero E (1991) Genetic structure of a soil population of nonsymbiotic R. leguminosarum. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:426ā433
Sessitsch A, Howieson JG, Perret X, Antoun H, MartĆnez-Romero E (2002) Advances in Rhizobium research. Crit Rev Plant Sci 21:323ā378
Sevilla M, De Oliveira A, Baldani I, Kennedy C (1998) Contributions of the bacterial endophyte Acetobacter diazotrophicus to sugarcane nutrition: a preliminary study. Symbiosis 25:181ā191
Sevilla M, Lee S, Meletzus D, Burris R, Kennedy C (1999) Genetic analysis and effect on plant growth of the nitrogen-fixing sugarcane endophyte Acetobacter diazotrophicus. In: Pedrosa FO, Hungria M et al (eds) 12th international congress on nitrogen fixation, book of abstracts. Universidade Federal do ParanĆ”, ParanĆ”, p 12
Shen J, Dean DR, Newton WE (1997) Evidence for multiple substrate-reduction sites and distinct inhibitor-binding sites from an altered Azotobacter vinelandii nitrogenase MoFe protein. Biochemistry 36:4884ā4894
Siemann S, Schneider K, Oley M, Mueller A (2003) Characterization of a tungsten-substituted nitrogenase isolated from Rhodobacter capsulatus. Biochemistry 42:3846ā3857
Singleton PW, Tavares JW (1986) Inoculation response of legumes in relation to the number and effectiveness of indigenous Rhizobium population. Appl Environ Microbiol 51:1013ā1018
Singleton P, Keyser H, Sande E (2002) Development and evaluation of liquid inoculants. In: Herridge D (ed) Inoculants and nitrogen fixation of legumes in Vietnam, vol 109, ACIAR Proceedings. ACIAR, Brisbane, pp 52ā66
Smil V (1999) Nitrogen in crop production. Global Biogeochem Cycles 13:647ā662
Smith RS (1992) Legume inoculant formulation and application. Can J Microbiol 38:485ā492
Smith DR, Doucette-Stamm LA, Deloughery C, Lee H et al (1997) Complete genome sequence of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum deltaH: functional analysis and comparative genomics. J Bacteriol 179:7135ā7155
Socolow RH (1999) Nitrogen management and the future of food: lessons from the management of energy and carbon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:6001ā6008
Sprent JI, Parsons R (2000) Nitrogen fixation in legume and non-legume trees. Field Crops Res 65:183ā196
Staal M, Meysman FJR, Stal JJ (2003) Temperature excludes N2-fixing heterocystous cyanobacteria in the tropical oceans. Nature 425:504ā507
Stephens JHG, Rask RH (2000) Inoculant production and formulation. Field Crops Res 65:249ā258
Stevens CJ, Dise NB, Mountford JO, Gowing DJ (2004) Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303:1876ā1879
Steward GF, Jenkins BD, Ward BB, Zehr JP (2004) Development and testing of a DNA macroarray to assess nitrogenase (nifH) gene diversity. Appl Environ Microbiol 70:1455ā1465
Stewart WDP (1974) Blue-green algae. In: Quispel A (ed) The biology of nitrogen fixation research. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp 202ā237
Suh M, Pulakat L, Gavini N (2003) Functional expression of a fusion-dimeric MoFe protein of nitrogenase in Azotobacter vinelandii. J Biol Chem 278:5353ā5360
Sullivan JT, Ronson CW (1998) Evolution of rhizobia by acquisition of a 500 kb symbiosis island that integrates into a phe-tRNA gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:5145ā5149
Sullivan JT, Patrick HN, Lowther WL, Scott DB, Ronson CW (1995) Nodulating strains of R. loti arise through chromosomal symbiotic gene transfer in the environment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:8985ā8989
Sullivan JT, Eardly BD, van Berkum P, Ronson CW (1996) Four unnamed species of nonsymbiotic rhizobia isolated from the rhizosphere of Lotus corniculatus. Appl Environ Microbiol 62:2818ā2825
Sullivan JT, Trzebiatowski JR, Cruickshank RW, Gouzy J, Brown SD, Elliot RM, Fleetwood DJ, McCallum NG, Rossbach U, Stuart GS, Weaver JE, Webby RJ, de Bruijn FJ, Ronson CW (2002) Comparative sequence analysis of the symbiosis island of Mesorhizobium loti strain R7A. J Bacteriol 184:3086ā3095
Sumner ME (1990) Crop responses to Azospirillum inoculation. Adv Soil Sci 12:54ā123
Suominen L, Jussila MM, Makelainen K, Romantschuk M, Lindstrom K (2000) Evaluation of the Galega-Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus-Rhizobium galegae system for the bioremediation of oil-contaminated soil. Environ Pollut 107:239ā244
Sy A, Giraud E, Jourand P, Garcia N, Willems A, de Lajudie P, Prin Y, Neyra M, Gillis M, Boivin-Masson C, Dreyfus B (2001) Methylotrophic Methylobacterium bacteria nodulate and fix nitrogen in symbiosis with legumes. J Bacteriol 183:214ā220
Tan Z, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B (2003) Effect of N-fertilization, plant genotype and environmental conditions on nifH gene pools in roots of rice. Environ Microbiol 5:1009ā1015
Thiel T, Lyons EM, Erker JC, Ernst A (1995) A second nitrogenase in vegetative cells of a heterocyst-forming cyanobacterium. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92:9358ā9362
Thies JE, Singleton PW, Bohlool BB (1991) Influence of the size of indigenous rhizobial population on establishment and symbiotic performance of introduced rhizobia on field-grown legumes. Appl Environ Microbiol 57:19ā28
Thies JE, Woomer PL, Singleton PW (1995) Enrichment of Bradyrhizobium spp. populations in soil due to cropping of the homologous host plant. Soil Biol Biochem 27:633ā636
Ueda T, Suga Y, Yahiro N, Matsuguchi T (1995) Remarkable N2-fixing bacterial diversity detected in rice roots by molecular evolutionary analysis of nifH gene sequences. J Bacteriol 177:1414ā1417
Unkovich MJ, Pate JS (2000) An appraisal of recent field measurements of symbiotic N inferior 2 fixation by annual legumes. Field Crops Res 65:211ā228
Unkovich M, Herridge D, Peoples M, Cadish G, Boddey B, Giller K, Alves BA, Chalk P (2008) Measuring plant-associated nitrogen fixation in agricultural systems. ACIAR, Camberra, p 258
Urquiaga S, Botteon PBL, Boddey RM (1989) Selection of sugar cane cultivars for associated biological nitrogen fixation using 15N-labelled soil. In: Skinner FA et al (eds) Nitrogen fixation with non-legumes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 311ā319
Urquiaga S, Cruz KHS, Boddey RM (1992) Contribution of nitrogen fixation to sugar cane: nitrogen-15 and nitrogen-balance estimates. Soil Sci Soc Am J 56:105ā114
Vaisanen OM, Weber A, Bennasar A, Rainey FA, Busse HJ, Salkinoja-Salonen MS (1998) Microbial communities of printing paper machines. J Appl Microbiol 84:1069ā1084
Valderrama B, Davalos A, Girard L, Morett E, Mora J (1996) Regulatory proteins and cis-acting elements involved in the transcriptional control of Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obium etli reiterated nifH genes. J Bacteriol 178:3119ā3126
Valverde A, VelĆ”zquez E, FernĆ”ndez-Santos F, VizcaĆno N, Rivas R, Mateos PF, MartĆnez-Molina E, Igual JM, Willems A. (2005) Phyllobacterium trifolii sp. nov., nodulating Trifolium and Lupinus in Spanish soils. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1985ā1989
Van Breemen N, Boyer E, Goodale C, Jaworski N, Paustian K, Seitzinger S, Lajtha K, Mayer B, van Dam D, Howarth R, Nadelhoffer K, Eve M, Billen G (2002) Where did all the nitrogen go? Fate of nitrogen inputs to large watersheds in the northeastern U.S.A. Biogeochemistry 57:267ā293
van Kessel C, Hartley C (2000) Agricultural management of grain legumes: has it led to an increase in nitrogen fixation? Field Crops Res 65:165ā181
Van TrĆ¢n V, Mavingui P, Berge O, Balandreau J, Heulin T (1994) Promotion de croissance du riz inoculĆ© par une bactĆ©rie fixatrice dāazote, Burkholderia vietnamiensis, isolĆ©e dāun sol sulfatĆ© acide du Vietnam. Agronomie 14:697ā707
Van TrĆ¢n V, Berge O, Balandreau J, NgĆ“ KĆŖ S, Heulin T (1996) Isolement et activitĆ© nitrogĆ©nasique de Burkholderia vietnamiensis, bacterie fixatrice dāazote associĆ©e au riz (Oryza sativa L.) cultivĆ© sur un sol sulfatĆ© du Vietnam. Agronomie 16:479ā491
Vance CP (1998) Legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation: agronomic aspects. In: Spaink HP, Kondorosi A, Hooykaas PJJ (eds) The Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus obiaceae. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 509ā530
Ventura TS, Bravo M, Daez C, Ventura V, Watanabe I, App A (1986) Effects of N-fertilizers, straw, and dry fallow on the nitrogen balance of a flooded soil planted with rice. Plant Soil 93:405ā411
Vermeiren H, Hai W-L, Vanderleyden J (1998) Colonisation and nifH expression on rice roots by Alcaligenes faecalis A15. In: Malik KA, Mirza MS, Ladha JK (eds) Nitrogen fixation with non-legumes. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 167ā177
Vermeiren H, Willems A, Schoofs G, de Mot R, Keijers V, Hai W, Vanderleyden J (1999) The rice inoculant strain Alcaligenes faecalis A15 is a nitrogen-fixing Pseudomonas stutzeri. Syst Appl Microbiol 22:215ā224
Vlassak KM, Vanderleyden J (1997) Factors influencing nodule occupancy by inoculant rhizobia. Crit Rev Plant Sci 16:163ā229
Voelcker JA (1896) āNitraginā or the use of āpure cultivationā bacteria for leguminous crops. J R Agron Soc 3rd Ser 7:253ā264
Von der Weid I, Duarte GF, van Elsas JD, Seldin L (2002) Paenibacillus brasilensis sp. nov., a novel nitrogen-fixing species isolated from the maize rhizosphere in Brazil. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 52:2147ā2153
Voss M, Croot P, Lochte K, Mills M, Peeken I (2004) Patterns of nitrogen fixation along 10Ā°N in the tropical Atlantic. Geophys Res Lett 31
Walcott JJ, Chauviroj M, Chinchest A, Choticheuy P, Ferraris R, Norman BW (1977) Long term productivity of intensive rice cropping systems on the central plains of Thailand. Exp Agric 13:305ā316
Wang E, MartĆnez-Romero E (2000) Sesbania herbacea-Rhizobium huautlense nodulation in flooded soils and comparative characterization of S. herbacea-nodulating rhizobia in different environments. Microb Ecol 40:25ā32
Watanabe I, Yoneyama T, Padre B, Ladha JK (1987) Difference in natural abundance of 15 N in several rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties: applications for evaluating N2 fixation. Soil Sci Plant Nutr 33:407ā415
Waters JK, Hughes BL 2nd, Purcell LC, Gerhardt KO, Mawhinney TP, Emerich DW (1998) Alanine, not ammonia, is excreted from N2-fixing soybean nodule bacteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12038ā12042
Weaver RW, Frederick LR (1974) Effect of inoculum rate on competitive nodulation of Glycine max (L.) Merrill II Field studies. Agron J 58:233ā236
Webster G, Jain V, Davey MR, Gough C, Vasse J, Denarie J, Cocking EC (1998) The flavonoid naringenin stimulates the intercellular colonization of wheat roots by Azorhizobium caulinodans. Plant Cell Environ 21:373ā383
Welbaum GE, Meinzer FC, Grayson RL, Thornham KT (1992) Evidence for and consequences of a barrier to solute diffusion between the apoplast and vascular bundles in sugarcane stalk tissue Australian. J Plant Physiol 19:611ā623
Wolk CP (1996) Heterocyst formation. Annu Rev Genet 30:59ā78
Wouters J, Raven JA, Minnhagen S, Janson S (2009) The luggage hypothesis: comparisons of two phototrophic hosts with nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and implications for analogous life strategies for kleptoplastids/secondary symbiosis in dinoflagellates. Symbiosis 49:61ā70
Yamada Y, Hoshino K, Ishikawa T (1997) The phylogeny of acetic acid bacteria based on the partial sequences of 16S ribosomal RNA: the elevation of the subgenus Gluconoacetobacter to the generic level. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 61:1244ā1251
Yanni YG, Rizk RY, Corich V, Squartini A et al (1997) Natural endophytic association between R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii and rice roots and assessment of its potential to promote rice growth. Plant Soil 194:99ā114
Yoneyama T, Muraoka T, Kim TH, Dacanay EV, Nakanishi Y (1997) The natural 15N abundance of sugarcane and neighbouring plants in Brazil, the Philippines and Miyako (Japan). Plant Soil 189:239ā244
Yoshino J, Sugiyama Y, Sakuda S, Kodama T, Nagasawa H, Ishii M, Igarashi Y (2001) Chemical structure of a novel aminophospholipid from Hydrogenobacter thermophilus strain TK-6. J Bacteriol 183:6302ā6304
Young JPW (1992) Phylogenetic classification of nitrogen-fixing organisms. In: Stacey G, Burris RH, Evans HJ (eds) Biological nitrogen fixation. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 43ā86
Youzhong L, Parsons R, Day DA, Bergersen FJ (2002) Reassessment of major products of N2 fixation by bacteroids from soybean root nodules. Microbiology 148:1959ā1966
Zahran HH (1999) Rhizobium-legume symbiosis and nitrogen fixation under severe conditions and in an arid climate. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 63:968ā989
Zanetti S, Hartwig UA, Luescher A, Hebeisen T, Frehner M, Fischer BU, Hendrey GR, Blum H, Noesberger J (1996) Stimulation of symbiotic N2 fixation in Trifolium repens L. under elevated atmospheric pCO2 in a grassland ecosystem. Plant Physiol 112:575ā583
Zehr JP, Mellon M, Braun S, Litaker W, Steppe T, Paerl HW (1995) Diversity of heterotrophic nitrogen fixation genes in a marine cyanobacterial mat. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:2527ā2532
Zehr JP, Jenkins BD, Short SM, Steward GF (2003) Nitrogenase gene diversity and microbial community structure: a cross-system comparison. Environ Microbiol 5:539ā554
Zehr JP, Montoya JP, Jenkins BD, Hewson I, Mondragon E, Short CM, Church MJ, Hansen A, Karl DM (2007) Experiments linking nitrogenase gene expression to nitrogen fixation in the North Pacific subtropical gyre. Limnol Oceanogr 52:169ā183
Zhang Y, Pohlmann EL, Ludden PW, Roberts GP (2003) Regulation of nitrogen fixation by multiple PII homologs in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum. Symbiosis 35:85ā100
Zhang L, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B (2007) A nifH-based oligonucleotide microarray for functional diagnostics of nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Microb Ecol 53:456ā470
Zurdo-PiƱeiro JL, Rivas R, Trujillo ME, VizcaĆno N, Carrasco JA, Chamber M, Palomares A, Mateos PF, MartĆnez-Molina E, VelĆ”zquez E (2007) Ochrobactrum cytisi sp. nov., isolated from nodules of Cytisus scoparius in Spain. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 57:784ā788
Acknowledgments
Thanks to Julio MartĆnez Romero for technical support. To PAPIIT IN200709 and IN205412 from UNAM.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
Ā© 2013 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
About this entry
Cite this entry
OrmeƱo-Orrillo, E., Hungria, M., Martinez-Romero, E. (2013). Dinitrogen-Fixing Prokaryotes. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30141-4_72
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30141-4_72
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-30140-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-30141-4
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences