Abstract
This chapter circumscribes the acetogens, a physiologically defined group of the domain Bacteria that are anaerobes, using the acetyl-CoA pathway as a mechanism for the reductive synthesis of acetyl-CoA from CO2, for a terminal-electron-accepting, energy-conserving process, and for mechanism for the fixation (assimilation) of CO2 in the synthesis of cell carbon. Three main metabolic features of these organisms were defined, such as the use of chemolithoautotrophic substrates (H2-CO2 or CO-CO2) as sole sources of carbon and energy under anoxic conditions, the capacity to convert certain sugars stoichiometrically to acetate, and the ability to O-demethylate methoxylated aromatic compounds and metabolize the O-methyl group via the 420 acetyl-CoA pathway. Acetogens have been assigned to more than 20 different genera and they differ in their morphology, cytology, and physiology. The most frequently isolated acetogenic species to date are members of the genera Clostridium and Acetobacterium. The habitat, the morphological and physiological properties, and the phylogenetic position of acetogenic species are presented. The electron flow of the “Wood/Ljungdahl” pathway as well as properties and function of enzymes involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway is shown in detail. Several biotechnological applications are described with the commercial production of acetic acid from sugars and the bioconversion of synthesis gas to acetic acid, ethanol, and other chemicals being the most important ones.
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Dedication and Acknowledgment
This tapestry is dedicated to Harland G. Wood and Lars G. Ljungdahl, the two individuals who carried the ball when no one else could. The authors express their appreciation to Anita Gößner for her many years of excellence in culturing and analyzing acetogens, to Marcus Horn for assistance with the phylogenetic analyses, to Georg Acker for electron microscopy of isolates, to Millie Wood for permission to publish the photo of Harland Wood, to Volker Müller for helpful discussions on bioenergetics, and to John Breznak, Paul Lindahl, Terry Miller, Steve Ragsdale, and Meyer Wolin for providing unpublished information and helpful suggestions. Current support for the authors’ laboratory is derived in part from funds from the German Research Society (DFG) and the German Ministry of Education, Research, and Technology (BMBF), which is gratefully acknowledged.
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Drake, H.L., Küsel, K., Matthies, C. (2013). Acetogenic Prokaryotes. In: Rosenberg, E., DeLong, E.F., Lory, S., Stackebrandt, E., Thompson, F. (eds) The Prokaryotes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-30141-4_61
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