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Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science pp 1–53Cite as

Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:

Definition of the Subject

We, as human beings, are made of a collection of cells, which are most commonly considered as the elementary building blocks of all living forms on earth (Alberts et al. 2002a). Whether they belong to each of the three domains of life (archaea, bacteria, or eukarya), cells are small membrane-bounded compartments that are capable of homeostasis, metabolism, response to their environment, growth, reproduction, adaptation through evolution, and, at the cellular as well as multicellular level, organization. In addition, spontaneous, self-generated movement – also known as motility – is one of the properties that we most closely associate with all life forms. Even in the case of apparently inanimate living forms on macroscopic scales, like most plants and fungi, constitutive cells are constantly remodeling their internal structure for the entire organism to perform its metabolism, growth, and reproduction (Bray 2001). In animals like human beings, cell motility is...

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Abbreviations

Cell:

Structural and functional elementary unit of all life forms. The cell is the smallest unit that can be characterized as living.

Eukaryotic cell:

Cell that possesses a nucleus, a small membrane-bounded compartment that contains the genetic material of the cell. Cells that lack a nucleus are called prokaryotic cells or prokaryotes – domains of life archaea, bacteria, and eukarya – or in English eukaryotes and made of eukaryotic cells, which constitute the three fundamental branches in which all life forms are classified. Archaea and bacteria are prokaryotes. All multicellular organisms are eukaryotes, but eukaryotes can also be single-cell organisms. Eukaryotes are usually classified into four kingdoms: animals, plants, fungi, and protists.

Motility:

Spontaneous, self-generated movement of a biological system.

Cytoskeleton:

System of protein filaments crisscrossing the inner part of the cell and which, with the help of the many proteins that interact with it, enables the cell to insure its structural integrity and morphology, exert forces, and produce motion.

Amoeboid motility:

Crawling locomotion of a eukaryotic cell by means of protrusion of its leading edge.

Molecular motor:

Motor of molecular size. In this context, protein or macromolecular complex that converts a specific source of energy into mechanical work.

Filament:

Here, extended unidimensional structure made of an assembly of repeated protein units that hold together via physical interactions (without covalent bonds). A filament will be either a single polymer (or here biopolymer), a linear assembly of such polymers, or a linear assembly of molecular motors.

Active gel:

Cross-linked network of linear or branched polymers interacting by physical means and that is dynamically driven out of equilibrium by a source of energy.

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Acknowledgments

To write this entry, I grandly benefited from Karsten Kruse’s habilitation thesis, which constituted a very good starting point as an extensive review of the existing biophysical literature on the cytoskeleton. I acknowledge Cécile Sykes and Jean-François Joanny for discussions, careful reading of the manuscript, and constructive criticisms and suggestions. I also acknowledge Andrew Callan-Jones for pointing to me important references.

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    Dr. Thomas Risler

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Risler, T. (2013). Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility. In: Meyers, R. (eds) Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_112-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-27737-5_112-3

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-27737-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics

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