F5 Thermal Output of Heating Appliances Operating with Hot Water

1 Thermal Output of Space Heating Appliances (Radiators)

Radiators are intended to provide heating in buildings, which can be determined as laid down in German standard DIN 4701. This document is available in English. The appliances transmit heat by radiation and/or convection.

1.1 Types of Space Heating Appliances

Space heating systems and appliances are classified as follows without regard to their shape and material of construction:

• (a) Sectional radiators

• (b) Panel radiators

• (c) Column radiators

• (d) Special heating systems

• (e) Panel heating

1.2 Thermal Output

The thermal output of a space heater $\dot Q$ is proportional to the average excess temperature of the heated surface ΔT ⁿ. The numerical value of the exponent n is generally from n = 1.25 to n = 1.4; for panel heating it is from n = 1.0 to n = 1.1. The excess temperature is determined from the inlet and outlet water temperatures T _i and T _o, respectively, and the air temperature T _a, i.e.,

$$\Delta T = {{T_{\rm{i}} -...